[](https://circleci.com/gh/adjoint-io/aos-signature) [](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/aos-signature) A ring signature, also know as a Spontaneous Anonymous Group (SAG) or 1-out-of-n signature, convinces a verifier that a message is signed by any member in a group of n independent signers without allowing the verifier to identify who the signer was. Abe-Ohkubo-Suzuki Ring Signatures ================================= In their paper, "1-out-of-n Signatures from a Variety of Keys"[1], Abe, Ohkubo and Suzuki (AOS) present a method to construct a 1-out-of-n signature scheme that allows mixture use of different flavours of keys at the same time. ### Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group (LSAG) Signature Liu, et al.[2] add the property of linkability to ring signatures. Linkability means that two signatures by the same signer can be identified as such, but the signer remains anonymous. It adds the feature of claimability, which allows a signer to claim responsibility by providing proof of having generated a given signature. A LSAG signature scheme satisfies three properties: - **Anonymity**: A signer cannot be distinguished from a pool of `t` commitments (public keys). - **Spontaneity**: No group secret, group manager of secret sharing setup stage. - **Linkability**: Two signatures by the same signer can be linked. ### A LSAG Signature Scheme over elliptic curves It consists of two parts: signature generation and signature verification. Let L = {y₀, ..., y_t-1} be a list of `t` public keys. Let H:{0, 1}* -> Z_n where `H` is a cryptographic hash function and `n` is the order of the elliptic curve over a finite field F_q. For i ∈ {0, ..., t-1}, each user `i` has a distinct public key y_i and a private key x_i. ### Signature Generation Let k ∈ {0, ..., t-1} be the position of the prover's public key in the list `L` of public keys. Let x_k be its private key. The LSAG signature of a message m ∈ {0,1}* is generated by the following steps: 1. Compute h = [H(L)] \* g, where `g` is the generator of the elliptic curve, and y = [x_k] \* h. Both computations are the product of a scalar and a point in the curve. 2. Select u ∈ Z_n and compute the first challenge ch_k+1 = H(L, y, m, [u] \* g, [u] \* h) 3. For i in {k+1, ..., t-1, 0, ... k-1}, choose s_i ∈ Z_n and compute the remaining challenges: ch_i+1 = H(L, y, m, [s_i] \* g + [ch_i] \* y_i, [s_i] \* h + [ch_i] \* y) 4. With the last ch_k computed, calculate s_k = (u - x_k \* ch_k) mod n The signature is (ch₀, [s₀, ..., s_t-1], y). ### Signature Verification Given a message `m`, a signature of a message (ch₀, [s₀, ..., s_t-1], y) and a list of public keys `L`, an honest verifier checks a signature as follows: 1. For i in {0, ..., t-1} compute ch_i+1 = H(L, y, m, [s_i] \* g + [ch_i] \* y_i, [s_i] \* h + [ch_i] \* y), where h = [H(L)] \* g. 2. Check whether c₀ is equal to H(L, y, m, [s_t-1] \* g + [ch_t-1] \* y_t-1, [s_t-1] \* h + [ch_t-1] \* y) ```haskell testSignature :: ECC.Curve -> Int -> ByteString -> IO Bool testSignature curve nParticipants msg = do -- Generate public and private keys (pubKey, privKey) <- ECC.generate curve -- Generate random foreign participants extPubKeys <- genNPubKeys curve nParticipants -- Position of the signer's key in the set of public keys k <- fromInteger <$> generateBetween 0 (toInteger $ length extPubKeys - 1) -- List of public keys let pubKeys = insert k pubKey extPubKeys -- Sign message with list of public keys and signer's key pair signature <- sign pubKeys (pubKey, privKey) msg -- Verify signature pure $ verify pubKeys signature msg ``` **References**: 1. M. Abe, M. Ohkubo, K. Suzuki. "1-out-of-n Signatures from a Variety of Keys", 2002 2. K. Liu, K. Wei, S. Wong. "Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group Signature for Ad Hoc Groups", 2004 **Notation**: 1. `[b] * P`: multiplication of a point P and a scalar b over an elliptic curve defined over a finite field modulo a prime number License ------- ``` Copyright 2018 Adjoint Inc Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. ```