\begin{code} {-# OPTIONS_GHC -XNoImplicitPrelude #-} {-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK hide #-} ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- | -- Module : GHC.Show -- Copyright : (c) The University of Glasgow, 1992-2002 -- License : see libraries/base/LICENSE -- -- Maintainer : cvs-ghc@haskell.org -- Stability : internal -- Portability : non-portable (GHC Extensions) -- -- The 'Show' class, and related operations. -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- #hide module GHC.Show ( Show(..), ShowS, -- Instances for Show: (), [], Bool, Ordering, Int, Char -- Show support code shows, showChar, showString, showParen, showList__, showSpace, showLitChar, protectEsc, intToDigit, showSignedInt, appPrec, appPrec1, -- Character operations asciiTab, ) where import GHC.Base import Data.Maybe import GHC.List ((!!), foldr1) \end{code} %********************************************************* %* * \subsection{The @Show@ class} %* * %********************************************************* \begin{code} -- | The @shows@ functions return a function that prepends the -- output 'String' to an existing 'String'. This allows constant-time -- concatenation of results using function composition. type ShowS = String -> String -- | Conversion of values to readable 'String's. -- -- Minimal complete definition: 'showsPrec' or 'show'. -- -- Derived instances of 'Show' have the following properties, which -- are compatible with derived instances of 'Text.Read.Read': -- -- * The result of 'show' is a syntactically correct Haskell -- expression containing only constants, given the fixity -- declarations in force at the point where the type is declared. -- It contains only the constructor names defined in the data type, -- parentheses, and spaces. When labelled constructor fields are -- used, braces, commas, field names, and equal signs are also used. -- -- * If the constructor is defined to be an infix operator, then -- 'showsPrec' will produce infix applications of the constructor. -- -- * the representation will be enclosed in parentheses if the -- precedence of the top-level constructor in @x@ is less than @d@ -- (associativity is ignored). Thus, if @d@ is @0@ then the result -- is never surrounded in parentheses; if @d@ is @11@ it is always -- surrounded in parentheses, unless it is an atomic expression. -- -- * If the constructor is defined using record syntax, then 'show' -- will produce the record-syntax form, with the fields given in the -- same order as the original declaration. -- -- For example, given the declarations -- -- > infixr 5 :^: -- > data Tree a = Leaf a | Tree a :^: Tree a -- -- the derived instance of 'Show' is equivalent to -- -- > instance (Show a) => Show (Tree a) where -- > -- > showsPrec d (Leaf m) = showParen (d > app_prec) $ -- > showString "Leaf " . showsPrec (app_prec+1) m -- > where app_prec = 10 -- > -- > showsPrec d (u :^: v) = showParen (d > up_prec) $ -- > showsPrec (up_prec+1) u . -- > showString " :^: " . -- > showsPrec (up_prec+1) v -- > where up_prec = 5 -- -- Note that right-associativity of @:^:@ is ignored. For example, -- -- * @'show' (Leaf 1 :^: Leaf 2 :^: Leaf 3)@ produces the string -- @\"Leaf 1 :^: (Leaf 2 :^: Leaf 3)\"@. class Show a where -- | Convert a value to a readable 'String'. -- -- 'showsPrec' should satisfy the law -- -- > showsPrec d x r ++ s == showsPrec d x (r ++ s) -- -- Derived instances of 'Text.Read.Read' and 'Show' satisfy the following: -- -- * @(x,\"\")@ is an element of -- @('Text.Read.readsPrec' d ('showsPrec' d x \"\"))@. -- -- That is, 'Text.Read.readsPrec' parses the string produced by -- 'showsPrec', and delivers the value that 'showsPrec' started with. showsPrec :: Int -- ^ the operator precedence of the enclosing -- context (a number from @0@ to @11@). -- Function application has precedence @10@. -> a -- ^ the value to be converted to a 'String' -> ShowS -- | A specialised variant of 'showsPrec', using precedence context -- zero, and returning an ordinary 'String'. show :: a -> String -- | The method 'showList' is provided to allow the programmer to -- give a specialised way of showing lists of values. -- For example, this is used by the predefined 'Show' instance of -- the 'Char' type, where values of type 'String' should be shown -- in double quotes, rather than between square brackets. showList :: [a] -> ShowS showsPrec _ x s = show x ++ s show x = shows x "" showList ls s = showList__ shows ls s showList__ :: (a -> ShowS) -> [a] -> ShowS showList__ _ [] s = "[]" ++ s showList__ showx (x:xs) s = '[' : showx x (showl xs) where showl [] = ']' : s showl (y:ys) = ',' : showx y (showl ys) appPrec, appPrec1 :: Int -- Use unboxed stuff because we don't have overloaded numerics yet appPrec = I# 10# -- Precedence of application: -- one more than the maximum operator precedence of 9 appPrec1 = I# 11# -- appPrec + 1 \end{code} %********************************************************* %* * \subsection{Simple Instances} %* * %********************************************************* \begin{code} instance Show () where showsPrec _ () = showString "()" instance Show a => Show [a] where showsPrec _ = showList instance Show Bool where showsPrec _ True = showString "True" showsPrec _ False = showString "False" instance Show Ordering where showsPrec _ LT = showString "LT" showsPrec _ EQ = showString "EQ" showsPrec _ GT = showString "GT" instance Show Char where showsPrec _ '\'' = showString "'\\''" showsPrec _ c = showChar '\'' . showLitChar c . showChar '\'' showList cs = showChar '"' . showl cs where showl "" s = showChar '"' s showl ('"':xs) s = showString "\\\"" (showl xs s) showl (x:xs) s = showLitChar x (showl xs s) -- Making 's' an explicit parameter makes it clear to GHC -- that showl has arity 2, which avoids it allocating an extra lambda -- The sticking point is the recursive call to (showl xs), which -- it can't figure out would be ok with arity 2. instance Show Int where showsPrec = showSignedInt instance Show a => Show (Maybe a) where showsPrec _p Nothing s = showString "Nothing" s showsPrec p (Just x) s = (showParen (p > appPrec) $ showString "Just " . showsPrec appPrec1 x) s \end{code} %********************************************************* %* * \subsection{Show instances for the first few tuples %* * %********************************************************* \begin{code} -- The explicit 's' parameters are important -- Otherwise GHC thinks that "shows x" might take a lot of work to compute -- and generates defns like -- showsPrec _ (x,y) = let sx = shows x; sy = shows y in -- \s -> showChar '(' (sx (showChar ',' (sy (showChar ')' s)))) instance (Show a, Show b) => Show (a,b) where showsPrec _ (a,b) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c) => Show (a, b, c) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d) => Show (a, b, c, d) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c,d) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c, shows d] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e) => Show (a, b, c, d, e) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c,d,e) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c, shows d, shows e] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f) => Show (a,b,c,d,e,f) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c,d,e,f) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c, shows d, shows e, shows f] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g) => Show (a,b,c,d,e,f,g) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c,d,e,f,g) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c, shows d, shows e, shows f, shows g] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h) => Show (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c, shows d, shows e, shows f, shows g, shows h] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i) => Show (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c, shows d, shows e, shows f, shows g, shows h, shows i] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i, Show j) => Show (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c, shows d, shows e, shows f, shows g, shows h, shows i, shows j] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i, Show j, Show k) => Show (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c, shows d, shows e, shows f, shows g, shows h, shows i, shows j, shows k] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i, Show j, Show k, Show l) => Show (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c, shows d, shows e, shows f, shows g, shows h, shows i, shows j, shows k, shows l] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i, Show j, Show k, Show l, Show m) => Show (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c, shows d, shows e, shows f, shows g, shows h, shows i, shows j, shows k, shows l, shows m] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i, Show j, Show k, Show l, Show m, Show n) => Show (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c, shows d, shows e, shows f, shows g, shows h, shows i, shows j, shows k, shows l, shows m, shows n] s instance (Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i, Show j, Show k, Show l, Show m, Show n, Show o) => Show (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o) where showsPrec _ (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o) s = show_tuple [shows a, shows b, shows c, shows d, shows e, shows f, shows g, shows h, shows i, shows j, shows k, shows l, shows m, shows n, shows o] s show_tuple :: [ShowS] -> ShowS show_tuple ss = showChar '(' . foldr1 (\s r -> s . showChar ',' . r) ss . showChar ')' \end{code} %********************************************************* %* * \subsection{Support code for @Show@} %* * %********************************************************* \begin{code} -- | equivalent to 'showsPrec' with a precedence of 0. shows :: (Show a) => a -> ShowS shows = showsPrec zeroInt -- | utility function converting a 'Char' to a show function that -- simply prepends the character unchanged. showChar :: Char -> ShowS showChar = (:) -- | utility function converting a 'String' to a show function that -- simply prepends the string unchanged. showString :: String -> ShowS showString = (++) -- | utility function that surrounds the inner show function with -- parentheses when the 'Bool' parameter is 'True'. showParen :: Bool -> ShowS -> ShowS showParen b p = if b then showChar '(' . p . showChar ')' else p showSpace :: ShowS showSpace = {-showChar ' '-} \ xs -> ' ' : xs \end{code} Code specific for characters \begin{code} -- | Convert a character to a string using only printable characters, -- using Haskell source-language escape conventions. For example: -- -- > showLitChar '\n' s = "\\n" ++ s -- showLitChar :: Char -> ShowS showLitChar c s | c > '\DEL' = showChar '\\' (protectEsc isDec (shows (ord c)) s) showLitChar '\DEL' s = showString "\\DEL" s showLitChar '\\' s = showString "\\\\" s showLitChar c s | c >= ' ' = showChar c s showLitChar '\a' s = showString "\\a" s showLitChar '\b' s = showString "\\b" s showLitChar '\f' s = showString "\\f" s showLitChar '\n' s = showString "\\n" s showLitChar '\r' s = showString "\\r" s showLitChar '\t' s = showString "\\t" s showLitChar '\v' s = showString "\\v" s showLitChar '\SO' s = protectEsc (== 'H') (showString "\\SO") s showLitChar c s = showString ('\\' : asciiTab!!ord c) s -- I've done manual eta-expansion here, becuase otherwise it's -- impossible to stop (asciiTab!!ord) getting floated out as an MFE isDec :: Char -> Bool isDec c = c >= '0' && c <= '9' protectEsc :: (Char -> Bool) -> ShowS -> ShowS protectEsc p f = f . cont where cont s@(c:_) | p c = "\\&" ++ s cont s = s asciiTab :: [String] asciiTab = -- Using an array drags in the array module. listArray ('\NUL', ' ') ["NUL", "SOH", "STX", "ETX", "EOT", "ENQ", "ACK", "BEL", "BS", "HT", "LF", "VT", "FF", "CR", "SO", "SI", "DLE", "DC1", "DC2", "DC3", "DC4", "NAK", "SYN", "ETB", "CAN", "EM", "SUB", "ESC", "FS", "GS", "RS", "US", "SP"] \end{code} Code specific for Ints. \begin{code} -- | Convert an 'Int' in the range @0@..@15@ to the corresponding single -- digit 'Char'. This function fails on other inputs, and generates -- lower-case hexadecimal digits. intToDigit :: Int -> Char intToDigit (I# i) | i >=# 0# && i <=# 9# = unsafeChr (ord '0' `plusInt` I# i) | i >=# 10# && i <=# 15# = unsafeChr (ord 'a' `minusInt` ten `plusInt` I# i) | otherwise = error ("Char.intToDigit: not a digit " ++ show (I# i)) ten :: Int ten = I# 10# showSignedInt :: Int -> Int -> ShowS showSignedInt (I# p) (I# n) r | n <# 0# && p ># 6# = '(' : itos n (')' : r) | otherwise = itos n r itos :: Int# -> String -> String itos n# cs | n# <# 0# = let !(I# minInt#) = minInt in if n# ==# minInt# -- negateInt# minInt overflows, so we can't do that: then '-' : itos' (negateInt# (n# `quotInt#` 10#)) (itos' (negateInt# (n# `remInt#` 10#)) cs) else '-' : itos' (negateInt# n#) cs | otherwise = itos' n# cs where itos' :: Int# -> String -> String itos' x# cs' | x# <# 10# = C# (chr# (ord# '0'# +# x#)) : cs' | otherwise = case chr# (ord# '0'# +# (x# `remInt#` 10#)) of { c# -> itos' (x# `quotInt#` 10#) (C# c# : cs') } \end{code}