{-# LANGUAGE Trustworthy #-} {-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-} {-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-} ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- | -- Module : Data.Foldable -- Copyright : Ross Paterson 2005 -- License : BSD-style (see the LICENSE file in the distribution) -- -- Maintainer : libraries@haskell.org -- Stability : experimental -- Portability : portable -- -- Class of data structures that can be folded to a summary value. -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- module Data.Foldable ( -- * Folds Foldable(..), -- ** Special biased folds foldrM, foldlM, -- ** Folding actions -- *** Applicative actions traverse_, for_, sequenceA_, asum, -- *** Monadic actions mapM_, forM_, sequence_, msum, -- ** Specialized folds concat, concatMap, and, or, any, all, maximumBy, minimumBy, -- ** Searches notElem, find ) where import Data.Bool import Data.Either import Data.Eq import qualified GHC.List as List import Data.Maybe import Data.Monoid import Data.Ord import Data.Proxy import GHC.Arr ( Array(..), Ix(..), elems, numElements, foldlElems, foldrElems, foldlElems', foldrElems', foldl1Elems, foldr1Elems) import GHC.Base hiding ( foldr ) import GHC.Num ( Num(..) ) infix 4 `elem`, `notElem` -- | Data structures that can be folded. -- -- For example, given a data type -- -- > data Tree a = Empty | Leaf a | Node (Tree a) a (Tree a) -- -- a suitable instance would be -- -- > instance Foldable Tree where -- > foldMap f Empty = mempty -- > foldMap f (Leaf x) = f x -- > foldMap f (Node l k r) = foldMap f l `mappend` f k `mappend` foldMap f r -- -- This is suitable even for abstract types, as the monoid is assumed -- to satisfy the monoid laws. Alternatively, one could define @foldr@: -- -- > instance Foldable Tree where -- > foldr f z Empty = z -- > foldr f z (Leaf x) = f x z -- > foldr f z (Node l k r) = foldr f (f k (foldr f z r)) l -- -- @Foldable@ instances are expected to satisfy the following laws: -- -- > foldr f z t = appEndo (foldMap (Endo . f) t ) z -- -- > foldl f z t = appEndo (getDual (foldMap (Dual . Endo . flip f) t)) z -- -- > fold = foldMap id -- -- @sum@, @product@, @maximum@, and @minimum@ should all be essentially -- equivalent to @foldMap@ forms, such as -- -- > sum = getSum . foldMap Sum -- -- but may be less defined. -- -- If the type is also a 'Functor' instance, it should satisfy -- -- > foldMap f = fold . fmap f -- -- which implies that -- -- > foldMap f . fmap g = foldMap (f . g) class Foldable t where {-# MINIMAL foldMap | foldr #-} -- | Combine the elements of a structure using a monoid. fold :: Monoid m => t m -> m fold = foldMap id -- | Map each element of the structure to a monoid, -- and combine the results. foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> t a -> m foldMap f = foldr (mappend . f) mempty -- | Right-associative fold of a structure. -- -- @'foldr' f z = 'Prelude.foldr' f z . 'toList'@ foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> t a -> b foldr f z t = appEndo (foldMap (Endo #. f) t) z -- | Right-associative fold of a structure, -- but with strict application of the operator. foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> t a -> b foldr' f z0 xs = foldl f' id xs z0 where f' k x z = k $! f x z -- | Left-associative fold of a structure. -- -- @'foldl' f z = 'Prelude.foldl' f z . 'toList'@ foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> t a -> b foldl f z t = appEndo (getDual (foldMap (Dual . Endo . flip f) t)) z -- There's no point mucking around with coercions here, -- because flip forces us to build a new function anyway. -- | Left-associative fold of a structure. -- but with strict application of the operator. -- -- @'foldl' f z = 'List.foldl'' f z . 'toList'@ foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> t a -> b foldl' f z0 xs = foldr f' id xs z0 where f' x k z = k $! f z x -- | A variant of 'foldr' that has no base case, -- and thus may only be applied to non-empty structures. -- -- @'foldr1' f = 'Prelude.foldr1' f . 'toList'@ foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> t a -> a foldr1 f xs = fromMaybe (error "foldr1: empty structure") (foldr mf Nothing xs) where mf x m = Just (case m of Nothing -> x Just y -> f x y) -- | A variant of 'foldl' that has no base case, -- and thus may only be applied to non-empty structures. -- -- @'foldl1' f = 'Prelude.foldl1' f . 'toList'@ foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> t a -> a foldl1 f xs = fromMaybe (error "foldl1: empty structure") (foldl mf Nothing xs) where mf m y = Just (case m of Nothing -> y Just x -> f x y) -- | List of elements of a structure, from left to right. toList :: t a -> [a] {-# INLINE toList #-} toList t = build (\ c n -> foldr c n t) -- | Test whether the structure is empty. The default implementation is -- optimized for structures that are similar to cons-lists, because there -- is no general way to do better. null :: t a -> Bool null = foldr (\_ _ -> False) True -- | Returns the size/length of a finite structure as an 'Int'. The -- default implementation is optimized for structures that are similar to -- cons-lists, because there is no general way to do better. length :: t a -> Int length = foldl' (\c _ -> c+1) 0 -- | Does the element occur in the structure? elem :: Eq a => a -> t a -> Bool elem = any . (==) -- | The largest element of a non-empty structure. maximum :: forall a . Ord a => t a -> a maximum = fromMaybe (error "maximum: empty structure") . getMax . foldMap (Max #. (Just :: a -> Maybe a)) -- | The least element of a non-empty structure. minimum :: forall a . Ord a => t a -> a minimum = fromMaybe (error "minimum: empty structure") . getMin . foldMap (Min #. (Just :: a -> Maybe a)) -- | The 'sum' function computes the sum of the numbers of a structure. sum :: Num a => t a -> a sum = getSum #. foldMap Sum -- | The 'product' function computes the product of the numbers of a -- structure. product :: Num a => t a -> a product = getProduct #. foldMap Product -- instances for Prelude types instance Foldable Maybe where foldr _ z Nothing = z foldr f z (Just x) = f x z foldl _ z Nothing = z foldl f z (Just x) = f z x instance Foldable [] where elem = List.elem foldl = List.foldl foldl' = List.foldl' foldl1 = List.foldl1 foldr = List.foldr foldr1 = List.foldr1 length = List.length maximum = List.maximum minimum = List.minimum null = List.null product = List.product sum = List.sum toList = id instance Foldable (Either a) where foldMap _ (Left _) = mempty foldMap f (Right y) = f y foldr _ z (Left _) = z foldr f z (Right y) = f y z length (Left _) = 0 length (Right _) = 1 null = isLeft instance Foldable ((,) a) where foldMap f (_, y) = f y foldr f z (_, y) = f y z instance Ix i => Foldable (Array i) where foldr = foldrElems foldl = foldlElems foldl' = foldlElems' foldr' = foldrElems' foldl1 = foldl1Elems foldr1 = foldr1Elems toList = elems length = numElements null a = numElements a == 0 instance Foldable Proxy where foldMap _ _ = mempty {-# INLINE foldMap #-} fold _ = mempty {-# INLINE fold #-} foldr _ z _ = z {-# INLINE foldr #-} foldl _ z _ = z {-# INLINE foldl #-} foldl1 _ _ = error "foldl1: Proxy" foldr1 _ _ = error "foldr1: Proxy" length _ = 0 null _ = True elem _ _ = False sum _ = 0 product _ = 1 -- We don't export Max and Min because, as Edward Kmett pointed out to me, -- there are two reasonable ways to define them. One way is to use Maybe, as we -- do here; the other way is to impose a Bounded constraint on the Monoid -- instance. We may eventually want to add both versions, but we don't want to -- trample on anyone's toes by imposing Max = MaxMaybe. newtype Max a = Max {getMax :: Maybe a} newtype Min a = Min {getMin :: Maybe a} instance Ord a => Monoid (Max a) where mempty = Max Nothing {-# INLINE mappend #-} m `mappend` Max Nothing = m Max Nothing `mappend` n = n (Max m@(Just x)) `mappend` (Max n@(Just y)) | x >= y = Max m | otherwise = Max n instance Ord a => Monoid (Min a) where mempty = Min Nothing {-# INLINE mappend #-} m `mappend` Min Nothing = m Min Nothing `mappend` n = n (Min m@(Just x)) `mappend` (Min n@(Just y)) | x <= y = Min m | otherwise = Min n -- | Monadic fold over the elements of a structure, -- associating to the right, i.e. from right to left. foldrM :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (a -> b -> m b) -> b -> t a -> m b foldrM f z0 xs = foldl f' return xs z0 where f' k x z = f x z >>= k -- | Monadic fold over the elements of a structure, -- associating to the left, i.e. from left to right. foldlM :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (b -> a -> m b) -> b -> t a -> m b foldlM f z0 xs = foldr f' return xs z0 where f' x k z = f z x >>= k -- | Map each element of a structure to an action, evaluate these -- actions from left to right, and ignore the results. For a version -- that doesn't ignore the results see 'Data.Traversable.traverse'. traverse_ :: (Foldable t, Applicative f) => (a -> f b) -> t a -> f () traverse_ f = foldr ((*>) . f) (pure ()) -- | 'for_' is 'traverse_' with its arguments flipped. For a version -- that doesn't ignore the results see 'Data.Traversable.for'. -- -- >>> for_ [1..4] print -- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 for_ :: (Foldable t, Applicative f) => t a -> (a -> f b) -> f () {-# INLINE for_ #-} for_ = flip traverse_ -- | Map each element of a structure to a monadic action, evaluate -- these actions from left to right, and ignore the results. For a -- version that doesn't ignore the results see -- 'Data.Traversable.mapM'. -- -- As of base 4.8.0.0, 'mapM_' is just 'traverse_', specialized to -- 'Monad'. mapM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m () mapM_ f= foldr ((>>) . f) (return ()) -- | 'forM_' is 'mapM_' with its arguments flipped. For a version that -- doesn't ignore the results see 'Data.Traversable.forM'. -- -- As of base 4.8.0.0, 'forM_' is just 'for_', specialized to 'Monad'. forM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => t a -> (a -> m b) -> m () {-# INLINE forM_ #-} forM_ = flip mapM_ -- | Evaluate each action in the structure from left to right, and -- ignore the results. For a version that doesn't ignore the results -- see 'Data.Traversable.sequenceA'. sequenceA_ :: (Foldable t, Applicative f) => t (f a) -> f () sequenceA_ = foldr (*>) (pure ()) -- | Evaluate each monadic action in the structure from left to right, -- and ignore the results. For a version that doesn't ignore the -- results see 'Data.Traversable.sequence'. -- -- As of base 4.8.0.0, 'sequence_' is just 'sequenceA_', specialized -- to 'Monad'. sequence_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => t (m a) -> m () sequence_ = foldr (>>) (return ()) -- | The sum of a collection of actions, generalizing 'concat'. asum :: (Foldable t, Alternative f) => t (f a) -> f a {-# INLINE asum #-} asum = foldr (<|>) empty -- | The sum of a collection of actions, generalizing 'concat'. -- As of base 4.8.0.0, 'msum' is just 'asum', specialized to 'MonadPlus'. msum :: (Foldable t, MonadPlus m) => t (m a) -> m a {-# INLINE msum #-} msum = asum -- | The concatenation of all the elements of a container of lists. concat :: Foldable t => t [a] -> [a] concat xs = build (\c n -> foldr (\x y -> foldr c y x) n xs) {-# INLINE concat #-} -- | Map a function over all the elements of a container and concatenate -- the resulting lists. concatMap :: Foldable t => (a -> [b]) -> t a -> [b] concatMap f xs = build (\c n -> foldr (\x b -> foldr c b (f x)) n xs) {-# INLINE concatMap #-} -- These use foldr rather than foldMap to avoid repeated concatenation. -- | 'and' returns the conjunction of a container of Bools. For the -- result to be 'True', the container must be finite; 'False', however, -- results from a 'False' value finitely far from the left end. and :: Foldable t => t Bool -> Bool and = getAll #. foldMap All -- | 'or' returns the disjunction of a container of Bools. For the -- result to be 'False', the container must be finite; 'True', however, -- results from a 'True' value finitely far from the left end. or :: Foldable t => t Bool -> Bool or = getAny #. foldMap Any -- | Determines whether any element of the structure satisfies the predicate. any :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool any p = getAny #. foldMap (Any #. p) -- | Determines whether all elements of the structure satisfy the predicate. all :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool all p = getAll #. foldMap (All #. p) -- | The largest element of a non-empty structure with respect to the -- given comparison function. maximumBy :: Foldable t => (a -> a -> Ordering) -> t a -> a maximumBy cmp = foldr1 max' where max' x y = case cmp x y of GT -> x _ -> y -- | The least element of a non-empty structure with respect to the -- given comparison function. minimumBy :: Foldable t => (a -> a -> Ordering) -> t a -> a minimumBy cmp = foldr1 min' where min' x y = case cmp x y of GT -> y _ -> x -- | 'notElem' is the negation of 'elem'. notElem :: (Foldable t, Eq a) => a -> t a -> Bool notElem x = not . elem x -- | The 'find' function takes a predicate and a structure and returns -- the leftmost element of the structure matching the predicate, or -- 'Nothing' if there is no such element. find :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Maybe a find p = getFirst . foldMap (\ x -> First (if p x then Just x else Nothing)) -- See Note [Function coercion] (#.) :: Coercible b c => (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> (a -> c) (#.) _f = coerce {-# INLINE (#.) #-} {- Note [Function coercion] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Several functions here use (#.) instead of (.) to avoid potential efficiency problems relating to #7542. The problem, in a nutshell: If N is a newtype constructor, then N x will always have the same representation as x (something similar applies for a newtype deconstructor). However, if f is a function, N . f = \x -> N (f x) This looks almost the same as f, but the eta expansion lifts it--the lhs could be _|_, but the rhs never is. This can lead to very inefficient code. Thus we steal a technique from Shachaf and Edward Kmett and adapt it to the current (rather clean) setting. Instead of using N . f, we use N .## f, which is just coerce f `asTypeOf` (N . f) That is, we just *pretend* that f has the right type, and thanks to the safety of coerce, the type checker guarantees that nothing really goes wrong. We still have to be a bit careful, though: remember that #. completely ignores the *value* of its left operand. -}