Csound.Air

Basic waveforms

Basic waveforms that are used most often. A waveform function take in a time varied frequency (in Hz).

Bipolar

osc :: Sig -> Sig

A pure tone (sine wave).

oscBy :: Tab -> Sig -> Sig

An oscillator with user provided waveform.

saw :: Sig -> Sig

isaw :: Sig -> Sig

pulse :: Sig -> Sig

sqr :: Sig -> Sig

tri :: Sig -> Sig

blosc :: Tab -> Sig -> Sig

Unipolar

unipolar :: Sig -> Sig

Turns a bipolar sound (ranges from -1 to 1) to unipolar (ranges from 0 to 1)

bipolar :: Sig -> Sig

Turns an unipolar sound (ranges from 0 to 1) to bipolar (ranges from -1 to 1)

on :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Rescaling of the bipolar signal (-1, 1) -> (a, b)

 on a b biSig

uon :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Rescaling of the unipolar signal (0, 1) -> (a, b)

 on a b uniSig

uosc :: Sig -> Sig

Unipolar pure tone.

uoscBy :: Tab -> Sig -> Sig

Unipolar oscBy.

usaw :: Sig -> Sig

Unipolar sawtooth.

uisaw :: Sig -> Sig

Unipolar integrated sawtooth.

upulse :: Sig -> Sig

Unipolar pulse.

usqr :: Sig -> Sig

Unipolar square wave.

utri :: Sig -> Sig

Unipolar triangle wave.

ublosc :: Tab -> Sig -> Sig

Unipolar band-limited oscillator.

Noise

rndh :: Sig -> SE Sig

Constant random signal. It updates random numbers with given frequency.

 constRnd freq 

urndh :: Sig -> SE Sig

Unipolar rndh

rndi :: Sig -> SE Sig

Linear random signal. It updates random numbers with given frequency.

 rndi freq 

urndi :: Sig -> SE Sig

Unipolar rndi

white :: SE Sig

White noise.

pink :: SE Sig

Pink noise.

Envelopes

leg :: D -> D -> D -> D -> Sig

Linear adsr envelope generator with release

 leg attack decay sustain release

xeg :: D -> D -> D -> D -> Sig

Exponential adsr envelope generator with release

 xeg attack decay sustain release

Relative duration

onIdur :: [D] -> [D]

Makes time intervals relative to the note's duration. So that:

 onIdur [a, t1, b, t2, c]

becomes:

 [a, t1 * idur, b, t2 * idur, c]

lindur :: [D] -> Sig

The opcode linseg with time intervals relative to the total duration of the note.

expdur :: [D] -> Sig

The opcode expseg with time intervals relative to the total duration of the note.

linendur :: Sig -> D -> D -> Sig

The opcode linen with time intervals relative to the total duration of the note. Total time is set to the value of idur.

 linendur asig rise decay

onDur :: D -> [D] -> [D]

Makes time intervals relative to the note's duration. So that:

 onDur dt [a, t1, b, t2, c]

becomes:

 [a, t1 * dt, b, t2 * dt, c]

lindurBy :: D -> [D] -> Sig

The opcode linseg with time intervals relative to the total duration of the note given by the user.

expdurBy :: D -> [D] -> Sig

The opcode expseg with time intervals relative to the total duration of the note given by the user.

linendurBy :: D -> Sig -> D -> D -> Sig

The opcode linen with time intervals relative to the total duration of the note. Total time is set to the value of the first argument.

 linendurBy dt asig rise decay

once :: Tab -> Sig

Reads table once during the note length.

onceBy :: D -> Tab -> Sig

Reads table once during a given period of time.

several :: Tab -> Sig -> Sig

Reads table several times during the note length.

Looping envelopes

oscLins :: [D] -> Sig -> Sig

Loops over line segments with the given rate.

 oscLins [a, durA, b, durB, c, durC ..] cps

where

• a, b, c ... -- values
• durA, durB, durC -- durations of the segments relative to the current frequency.

oscElins :: [D] -> Sig -> Sig

Loops over equally spaced line segments with the given rate.

 oscElins [a, b, c] === oscLins [a, 1, b, 1, c]

oscExps :: [D] -> Sig -> Sig

Loops over exponential segments with the given rate.

 oscLins [a, durA, typeA, b, durB, typeB, c, durC, typeC ..] cps

where

• a, b, c ... -- values
• durA, durB, durC -- durations of the segments relative to the current frequency.
• typeA, typeB, typeC, ... -- shape of the envelope. If the value is 0 then the shap eis linear; otherwise it is an concave exponential (positive type) or a convex exponential (negative type).

oscEexps :: [D] -> Sig -> Sig

Loops over equally spaced exponential segments with the given rate.

 oscLins [a, typeA, b, typeB, c, typeC ..] === oscLins [a, 1, typeA, b, 1, typeB, c, 1, typeC ..]

oscLine :: D -> D -> Sig -> Sig

 oscLine a b cps

Goes from a to b and back by line segments. One period is equal to 2/cps so that one period is passed by 1/cps seconds.

Faders

fadeIn :: D -> Sig

Fades in with the given attack time.

fadeOut :: D -> Sig

Fades out with the given attack time.

fades :: D -> D -> Sig

A combination of fade in and fade out.

 fades attackDuration decayDuration

expFadeIn :: D -> Sig

Fades in by exponent with the given attack time.

expFadeOut :: D -> Sig

Fades out by exponent with the given attack time.

expFades :: D -> D -> Sig

A combination of exponential fade in and fade out.

 expFades attackDuration decayDuration

Low frequency oscillators

type Lfo = Sig

Low frequency oscillator

lfo :: (Sig -> Sig) -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Low frequency oscillator

 lfo shape depth rate

Filters

Arguemnts are inversed to get most out of curruing. First come parameters and the last one is the signal.

Simple filters

lp :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Low-pass filter.

 lp cutoff resonance sig

hp :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

High-pass filter.

 hp cutoff resonance sig

bp :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Band-pass filter.

 bp cutoff resonance sig

br :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Band-reject filter.

 br cutoff resonance sig

alp :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

All-pass filter.

 alp cutoff resonance sig

Butterworth filters

blp :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Low-pass filter.

 blp cutoff sig

bhp :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig

High-pass filter.

 bhp cutoff sig

bbp :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Band-pass filter.

 bbp cutoff bandwidth sig

bbr :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Band-regect filter.

 bbr cutoff bandwidth sig

Specific filters

mlp :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Moog's low-pass filter.

 mlp centerFrequency qResonance signal

Sound files playback

Stereo

readSnd :: String -> (Sig, Sig)

Reads stereo signal from the sound-file (wav or mp3 or aiff).

loopSnd :: String -> (Sig, Sig)

Reads stereo signal from the sound-file (wav or mp3 or aiff) and loops it with the file length.

loopSndBy :: D -> String -> (Sig, Sig)

Reads stereo signal from the sound-file (wav or mp3 or aiff) and loops it with the given period (in seconds).

readWav :: Sig -> String -> (Sig, Sig)

Reads the wav file with the given speed (if speed is 1 it's a norma playback). We can use negative speed to read file in reverse.

loopWav :: Sig -> String -> (Sig, Sig)

Reads th wav file and loops over it.

readSegWav :: D -> D -> Sig -> String -> (Sig, Sig)

Reads a segment from wav file.

tempoLoopWav :: Sig -> String -> (Sig, Sig)

Reads th wav file and loops over it. Scales the tempo with first argument.

tempoReadWav :: Sig -> String -> (Sig, Sig)

Reads the wav file with the given speed (if speed is 1 it's a norma playback). We can use negative speed to read file in reverse. Scales the tempo with first argument.

Mono

readSnd1 :: String -> Sig

The mono variant of the function readSnd.

loopSnd1 :: String -> Sig

The mono variant of the function loopSnd.

loopSndBy1 :: D -> String -> Sig

The mono variant of the function loopSndBy.

readWav1 :: Sig -> String -> Sig

The mono variant of the function readWav.

loopWav1 :: Sig -> String -> Sig

The mono variant of the function loopWav.

readSegWav1 :: D -> D -> Sig -> String -> Sig

Reads a segment from wav file.

tempoLoopWav1 :: Sig -> String -> Sig

Reads th mono wav file and loops over it. Scales the tempo with first argument.

tempoReadWav1 :: Sig -> String -> Sig

Reads the mono wav file with the given speed (if speed is 1 it's a norma playback). We can use negative speed to read file in reverse. Scales the tempo with first argument.

Read sound with RAM

data LoopMode

Constructors

Once

Loop

Bounce

Instances

Enum LoopMode

Eq LoopMode

Show LoopMode

ramSnd :: LoopMode -> Sig -> String -> Sig2

Loads the sample in the table. The sample should be short. The size of the table is limited. It's up to 6 minutes for

ramSnd1 :: LoopMode -> Sig -> String -> Sig

Writing sound files

data SampleFormat

The sample format.

Constructors

NoHeaderFloat32

32-bit floating point samples without header

NoHeaderInt16

16-bit integers without header

HeaderInt16

16-bit integers with a header. The header type depends on the render (-o) format

UlawSamples

u-law samples with a header

Int16

16-bit integers with a header

Int32

32-bit integers with a header

Float32

32-bit floats with a header

Uint8

8-bit unsigned integers with a header

Int24

24-bit integers with a header

Float64

64-bit floats with a header

Instances

Enum SampleFormat

Eq SampleFormat

Ord SampleFormat

writeSigs :: FormatType -> SampleFormat -> String -> [Sig] -> SE ()

Writes a sound signal to the file with the given format. It supports only four formats: Wav, Aiff, Raw and Ircam.

writeWav :: String -> (Sig, Sig) -> SE ()

Writes wav files.

writeAiff :: String -> (Sig, Sig) -> SE ()

Writes aiff files.

writeWav1 :: String -> Sig -> SE ()

Writes mono signals to wav files.

writeAiff1 :: String -> Sig -> SE ()

Writes mono signals to aiff files.

Utility

lengthSnd :: String -> D

Length in seconds of the sound file.

segments :: D -> Evt (D, Unit)

Produces repeating segments with the given time in seconds.

Signal manipulation

takeSnd :: Sigs a => D -> a -> a

Takes only given amount (in seconds) from the signal (the rest is silence).

delaySnd :: Sigs a => D -> a -> a

Delays signals by the given amount (in seconds).

segmentSnd :: Sigs a => D -> D -> a -> a

Delays a signal by the first argument and takes only second argument amount of signal (everything is measured in seconds).

repeatSnd :: Sigs a => D -> a -> a

Repeats the signal with the given period.

toMono :: (Sig, Sig) -> Sig

Converts stereosignal to mono with function mean.

Spectral functions

toSpec :: Sig -> Spec

Converts signal to spectrum.

fromSpec :: Spec -> Sig

Converts spectrum to signal.

mapSpec :: (Spec -> Spec) -> Sig -> Sig

Applies a transformation to the spectrum of the signal.

scaleSpec :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Scales all frequencies. Usefull for transposition. For example, we can transpose a signal by the given amount of semitones:

 scaleSpec (semitone 1) asig

addSpec :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Adds given amount of Hz to all frequencies.

 addSpec hz asig

scalePitch :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Scales frequency in semitones.

Patterns

mean :: Fractional a => [a] -> a

Mean value.

vibrate :: Sig -> Sig -> (Sig -> a) -> Sig -> a

Adds vibrato to the sound unit. Sound units is a function that takes in a frequency.

randomPitch :: Sig -> Sig -> (Sig -> a) -> Sig -> SE a

Adds a random vibrato to the sound unit. Sound units is a function that takes in a frequency.

chorusPitch :: Int -> Sig -> (Sig -> Sig) -> Sig -> Sig

Chorus takes a number of copies, chorus width and wave shape.

resons :: [(Sig, Sig)] -> Sig -> Sig

Applies a resonator to the signals. A resonator is a list of band pass filters. A list contains the parameters for the filters:

 [(centerFrequency, bandWidth)]

resonsBy :: (cps -> bw -> Sig -> Sig) -> [(cps, bw)] -> Sig -> Sig

A resonator with user defined band pass filter. Warning: a filter takes in a center frequency, band width and the signal. The signal comes last (this order is not standard in the Csound but it's more convinient to use with Haskell).

modes :: [(Sig, Sig)] -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Chain of mass-spring-damping filters.

 modes params baseCps exciter 

• params - a list of pairs (resonantFrequencyRatio, filterQuality)
• baseCps - base frequency of the resonator
• exciter - an impulse that starts a resonator.

dryWet :: Sig -> (Sig -> Sig) -> Sig -> Sig

Mixes dry and wet signals.

 dryWet ratio effect asig

• ratio - of dry signal to wet
• effect - means to wet the signal
• asig -- processed signal

List functions

odds :: [a] -> [a]

Selects odd elements from the list.

evens :: [a] -> [a]

Selects even elements from the list.

Widgets

data AdsrBound

Constructors

AdsrBound

Fields

attBound :: Double

decBound :: Double

relBound :: Double

data AdsrInit

Constructors

AdsrInit

Fields

attInit :: Double

decInit :: Double

susInit :: Double

relInit :: Double

linAdsr :: String -> AdsrBound -> AdsrInit -> Source Sig

expAdsr :: String -> AdsrBound -> AdsrInit -> Source Sig

classicWaves :: String -> Int -> Source (Sig -> Sig)

A widget with four standard waveforms: pure tone, triangle, square and sawtooth. The last parameter is a default waveform (it's set at init time).

masterVolume :: Source Sig

Slider for master volume

masterVolumeKnob :: Source Sig

Knob for master volume

Reverbs

reverbsc1 :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Mono version of the cool reverberation opcode reverbsc.

 reverbsc1 asig feedbackLevel cutOffFreq

rever1 :: Sig -> Sig -> (Sig, Sig)

Mono reverb (based on reverbsc)

 rever1 feedback asig

rever2 :: Sig -> Sig2 -> Sig2

Mono reverb (based on reverbsc)

 rever2 feedback asigLeft asigRight

reverTime :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Reverb with given time.

smallRoom :: Sig -> (Sig, Sig)

Mono reverb for small room.

smallHall :: Sig -> (Sig, Sig)

Mono reverb for small hall.

largeHall :: Sig -> (Sig, Sig)

Mono reverb for large hall.

magicCave :: Sig -> (Sig, Sig)

The magic cave reverb (mono).

smallRoom2 :: Sig2 -> Sig2

Stereo reverb for small room.

smallHall2 :: Sig2 -> Sig2

Stereo reverb for small hall.

largeHall2 :: Sig2 -> Sig2

Stereo reverb for large hall.

magicCave2 :: Sig2 -> Sig2

The magic cave reverb (stereo).

Delays

echo :: D -> Sig -> Sig -> SE Sig

The simplest delay with feedback. Arguments are: delay length and decay ratio.

 echo delayLength ratio

fdelay :: D -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> SE Sig

Delay with feedback.

 fdelay maxDelayLength delayLength decayRatio

fvdelay :: D -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> SE Sig

Delay with feedback.

 fdelay maxDelayLength delayLength feedbackLevel decayRatio

fvdelays :: D -> [(Sig, Sig)] -> Sig -> Sig -> SE Sig

Multitap delay. Arguments are: max delay length, list of pairs (delayLength, decayRatio), balance of mixed signal with processed signal.

 fdelay maxDelayLength  delays balance asig

funDelays :: D -> [(Sig, Sig -> Sig)] -> Sig -> Sig -> SE Sig

Generic multitap delay. It's just like fvdelays but instead of constant feedbackLevel it expects a function for processing a delayed signal on the tap.

 fdelay maxDelayLength  delays balance asig

Distortion

distortion :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Distortion.

 distort distLevel asig

Chorus

chorus :: Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> SE Sig

Chorus.

 chorus depth rate balance asig

Flanger

flange :: Lfo -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Flanger. Lfo depth ranges in 0 to 1.

flanger lfo feedback balance asig

Phase

phase1 :: Sig -> Lfo -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

First order phaser.

harmPhase :: Sig -> Lfo -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Second order phaser. Sweeping gaps in the timbre are placed harmonicaly

powerPhase :: Sig -> Lfo -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig -> Sig

Second order phaser. Sweeping gaps in the timbre are placed by powers of the base frequency.