{-# LANGUAGE ExistentialQuantification, EmptyDataDecls #-} {-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-warn-name-shadowing #-} {-| This is the core module of Elerea, which contains the signal implementation and the primitive constructors. The basic idea is to create a dataflow network whose structure closely resembles the user's definitions by turning each combinator into a mutable variable (an 'IORef'). In other words, each signal is represented by a variable. Such a variable contains information about the operation to perform and (depending on the operation) references to other signals. For instance, a pointwise function application created by the '<*>' operator contains an 'SNA' node, which holds two references: one to the function signal and another to the argument signal. In order to have a pure(-looking) applicative interface, the library relies on 'unsafePerformIO' to create the references on demand. In contrast, the execution of the network is explicitly marked as an IO operation. The core library exposes a single function to animate the network called 'superstep', which takes a signal and a time interval, and mutates all the variables the signal depends on. It is supposed to be called repeatedly in a loop that also takes care of user input. To ensure consistency, a superstep has three phases: sampling, aging and finalisation. Each signal reachable from the top-level signal passed to 'superstep' is sampled at the current point of time ('sample'), and the sample is stored along with the old signal in its reference. If the value of a signal is requested multiple times, the sample is simply reused. After successfully sampling the top-level signal, the network is traversed again to advance by the desired time ('advance'), and when that's completed, the finalisation process throws away the intermediate samples and marks the aged signals as the current ones, ready to be sampled again. If there is a dependency loop, the system tries to use the 'sampleDelayed' function instead of 'sample' to get a useful value at the problematic spot instead of entering an infinite loop. Evaluation is initiated by the 'signalValue' function (which is used in both the sampling and the aging phase to calculate samples and retrieve the cached values if they are requested again), aging is performed by 'age', while finalisation is done by 'commit'. Since these functions are invoked recursively on a data structure with existential types, their types also need to be explicity quantified. As a bonus, applicative nodes are automatically collapsed into lifted functions of up to five arguments. This optimisation significantly reduces the number of nodes in the network. -} module FRP.Elerea.Internal where import Control.Applicative import Control.Monad import Data.IORef import System.IO.Unsafe -- * Implementation -- ** Some type synonyms {-| Time is continuous. Nothing fancy. -} type DTime = Double {-| Sinks are used when feeding input into peripheral-bound signals. -} type Sink a = a -> IO () {-| An unpopulated type to use as a token for injecting data dependencies in the restarter. -} data Void -- ** The data structures behind signals {-| A signal is represented as a /transactional/ structural node. -} newtype Signal a = S (IORef (SignalTrans a)) {-| A node can have four states that distinguish various stages of sampling and aging. -} data SignalTrans a -- | @Ready s@ is simply the signal @s@ that was not sampled yet = Ready (SignalNode a) -- | @Sampling s@ is still @s@ after its current value was -- requested, but still not delivered | Sampling (SignalNode a) -- | @Sampled x s@ is signal @s@ paired with its current value @x@ | Sampled a (SignalNode a) -- | @Aged x s@ is the aged version of signal @s@ paired with its -- current value @x@ | Aged a (SignalNode a) {-| The possible structures of a node are defined by the 'SignalNode' type. Note that the @SNFx@ nodes are only needed to optimise applicatives, they can all be expressed in terms of @SNK@ and @SNA@. -} data SignalNode a -- | @SNK x@: constantly @x@ = SNK a -- | @SNS x t@: stateful generator, where @x@ is current state and -- @t@ is the update function | SNS a (DTime -> a -> a) -- | @SNT s x t@: stateful transfer function, which also depends -- on an input signal @s@ | forall t . SNT (Signal t) a (DTime -> t -> a -> a) -- | @SNA sf sx@: pointwise function application | forall t . SNA (Signal (t -> a)) (Signal t) -- | @SNL s e ss@: latcher that starts out as @s@ and becomes the -- current value of @ss@ at every moment when @e@ is true | SNL (Signal a) (Signal Bool) (Signal (Signal a)) -- | @SNE r@: opaque reference to connect peripherals | SNE (IORef a) -- | @SND s@: the @s@ signal delayed by one superstep | SND a (Signal a) -- | @SNR f@: restarter; always reevaluates @f undefined@ | SNR (Void -> a) -- | @SNKA s l@: equivalent to @s@ while aging signal @l@ | forall t . SNKA (Signal a) (Signal t) -- | @SNF1 f@: @fmap f@ | forall t . SNF1 (t -> a) (Signal t) -- | @SNF2 f@: @liftA2 f@ | forall t1 t2 . SNF2 (t1 -> t2 -> a) (Signal t1) (Signal t2) -- | @SNF3 f@: @liftA3 f@ | forall t1 t2 t3 . SNF3 (t1 -> t2 -> t3 -> a) (Signal t1) (Signal t2) (Signal t3) -- | @SNF4 f@: @liftA4 f@ | forall t1 t2 t3 t4 . SNF4 (t1 -> t2 -> t3 -> t4 -> a) (Signal t1) (Signal t2) (Signal t3) (Signal t4) -- | @SNF5 f@: @liftA5 f@ | forall t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 . SNF5 (t1 -> t2 -> t3 -> t4 -> t5 -> a) (Signal t1) (Signal t2) (Signal t3) (Signal t4) (Signal t5) {-| You can uncomment the verbose version of this function to see the applicative optimisations in action. -} debugLog :: String -> IO a -> IO a --debugLog s io = putStrLn s >> io debugLog _ io = io instance Functor Signal where fmap = (<*>) . pure {-| The 'Applicative' instance with run-time optimisation. The '<*>' operator tries to move all the pure parts to its left side in order to flatten the structure, hence cutting down on book-keeping costs. Since applicatives are used with pure functions and lifted values most of the time, one can gain a lot by merging these nodes. -} instance Applicative Signal where -- | A constant signal pure = createSignal . SNK -- | Point-wise application of a function and a data signal (like @ZipList@) f@(S rf) <*> x@(S rx) = unsafePerformIO $ do -- General fall-back case c <- newIORef (Ready (SNA f x)) let opt s = writeIORef c (Ready s) -- Optimisations might go haywire in the presence of loops, -- so we need to prepare to meeting undefined references by -- wrapping reads into exception handlers. flip catch (const (return ())) $ do Ready nf <- readIORef rf merged <- flip catch (const (return False)) $ do -- Merging constant branches from the two sides Ready nx <- readIORef rx case (nf,nx) of (SNK g,SNK y) -> debugLog "merge_00" $ opt (SNK (g y)) (SNK g,SNF1 h y1) -> debugLog "merge_01" $ opt (SNF1 (g.h) y1) (SNK g,SNF2 h y1 y2) -> debugLog "merge_02" $ opt (SNF2 (\y1 y2 -> g (h y1 y2)) y1 y2) (SNK g,SNF3 h y1 y2 y3) -> debugLog "merge_03" $ opt (SNF3 (\y1 y2 y3 -> g (h y1 y2 y3)) y1 y2 y3) (SNK g,SNF4 h y1 y2 y3 y4) -> debugLog "merge_04" $ opt (SNF4 (\y1 y2 y3 y4 -> g (h y1 y2 y3 y4)) y1 y2 y3 y4) (SNK g,SNF5 h y1 y2 y3 y4 y5) -> debugLog "merge_05" $ opt (SNF5 (\y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 -> g (h y1 y2 y3 y4 y5)) y1 y2 y3 y4 y5) (SNK g,_) -> debugLog "lift_1x" $ opt (SNF1 g x) (SNF1 g x1,SNK y) -> debugLog "merge_10" $ opt (SNF1 (\x1 -> g x1 y) x1) (SNF1 g x1,SNF1 h y1) -> debugLog "merge_11" $ opt (SNF2 (\x1 y1 -> g x1 (h y1)) x1 y1) (SNF1 g x1,SNF2 h y1 y2) -> debugLog "merge_12" $ opt (SNF3 (\x1 y1 y2 -> g x1 (h y1 y2)) x1 y1 y2) (SNF1 g x1,SNF3 h y1 y2 y3) -> debugLog "merge_13" $ opt (SNF4 (\x1 y1 y2 y3 -> g x1 (h y1 y2 y3)) x1 y1 y2 y3) (SNF1 g x1,SNF4 h y1 y2 y3 y4) -> debugLog "merge_14" $ opt (SNF5 (\x1 y1 y2 y3 y4 -> g x1 (h y1 y2 y3 y4)) x1 y1 y2 y3 y4) (SNF1 g x1,_) -> debugLog "lift_2x" $ opt (SNF2 g x1 x) (SNF2 g x1 x2,SNK y) -> debugLog "merge_20" $ opt (SNF2 (\x1 x2 -> g x1 x2 y) x1 x2) (SNF2 g x1 x2,SNF1 h y1) -> debugLog "merge_21" $ opt (SNF3 (\x1 x2 y1 -> g x1 x2 (h y1)) x1 x2 y1) (SNF2 g x1 x2,SNF2 h y1 y2) -> debugLog "merge_22" $ opt (SNF4 (\x1 x2 y1 y2 -> g x1 x2 (h y1 y2)) x1 x2 y1 y2) (SNF2 g x1 x2,SNF3 h y1 y2 y3) -> debugLog "merge_23" $ opt (SNF5 (\x1 x2 y1 y2 y3 -> g x1 x2 (h y1 y2 y3)) x1 x2 y1 y2 y3) (SNF2 g x1 x2,_) -> debugLog "lift_3x" $ opt (SNF3 g x1 x2 x) (SNF3 g x1 x2 x3,SNK y) -> debugLog "merge_30" $ opt (SNF3 (\x1 x2 x3 -> g x1 x2 x3 y) x1 x2 x3) (SNF3 g x1 x2 x3,SNF1 h y1) -> debugLog "merge_31" $ opt (SNF4 (\x1 x2 x3 y1 -> g x1 x2 x3 (h y1)) x1 x2 x3 y1) (SNF3 g x1 x2 x3,SNF2 h y1 y2) -> debugLog "merge_32" $ opt (SNF5 (\x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 -> g x1 x2 x3 (h y1 y2)) x1 x2 x3 y1 y2) (SNF3 g x1 x2 x3,_) -> debugLog "lift_4x" $ opt (SNF4 g x1 x2 x3 x) (SNF4 g x1 x2 x3 x4,SNK y) -> debugLog "merge_40" $ opt (SNF4 (\x1 x2 x3 x4 -> g x1 x2 x3 x4 y) x1 x2 x3 x4) (SNF4 g x1 x2 x3 x4,SNF1 h y1) -> debugLog "merge_41" $ opt (SNF5 (\x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 -> g x1 x2 x3 x4 (h y1)) x1 x2 x3 x4 y1) (SNF4 g x1 x2 x3 x4,_) -> debugLog "lift_5x" $ opt (SNF5 g x1 x2 x3 x4 x) (SNF5 g x1 x2 x3 x4 x5,SNK y) -> debugLog "merge_50" $ opt (SNF5 (\x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 -> g x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 y) x1 x2 x3 x4 x5) _ -> return () return True -- Lifting into higher arity not knowing the argument when (not merged) $ case nf of SNK g -> debugLog "lift_1" $ opt (SNF1 g x) SNF1 g x1 -> debugLog "lift_2" $ opt (SNF2 g x1 x) SNF2 g x1 x2 -> debugLog "lift_3" $ opt (SNF3 g x1 x2 x) SNF3 g x1 x2 x3 -> debugLog "lift_4" $ opt (SNF4 g x1 x2 x3 x) SNF4 g x1 x2 x3 x4 -> debugLog "lift_5" $ opt (SNF5 g x1 x2 x3 x4 x) _ -> return () -- The final version return (S c) {-| The @Show@ instance is only defined for the sake of 'Num'... -} instance Show (Signal a) where showsPrec _ _ s = "" ++ s {-| The equality test checks whether two signals are physically the same. -} instance Eq (Signal a) where S s1 == S s2 = s1 == s2 instance Num t => Num (Signal t) where (+) = liftA2 (+) (-) = liftA2 (-) (*) = liftA2 (*) signum = fmap signum abs = fmap abs negate = fmap negate fromInteger = pure . fromInteger instance Fractional t => Fractional (Signal t) where (/) = liftA2 (/) recip = fmap recip fromRational = pure . fromRational instance Floating t => Floating (Signal t) where pi = pure pi exp = fmap exp sqrt = fmap sqrt log = fmap log (**) = liftA2 (**) logBase = liftA2 logBase sin = fmap sin tan = fmap tan cos = fmap cos asin = fmap asin atan = fmap atan acos = fmap acos sinh = fmap sinh tanh = fmap tanh cosh = fmap cosh asinh = fmap asinh atanh = fmap atanh acosh = fmap acosh -- ** Internal functions to run the network {-| This function is really just a shorthand to create a reference to a given node. -} createSignal :: SignalNode a -> Signal a createSignal = S . unsafePerformIO . newIORef . Ready {-| Sampling the signal and all of its dependencies, at the same time. We don't need the aged signal in the current superstep, only the current value, so we sample before propagating the changes, which might require the fresh sample because of recursive definitions. -} signalValue :: forall a . Signal a -> DTime -> IO a signalValue (S r) dt = do t <- readIORef r case t of Ready s -> do writeIORef r (Sampling s) -- TODO: advance can be evaluated in a separate -- thread, since we don't need its result right -- away, only in the next superstep. v <- sample s dt -- We memorise the sample to handle loops -- nicely. The undefined future signal cannot -- bite us, because we don't need it during the -- evaluation phase. writeIORef r (Sampled v s) return v Sampling s -> do -- We started sampling this already, so there is -- a dependency cycle we have to resolve by -- adding a delay to stateful signals. Stateless -- signals should not form a loop, which is -- obvious... v <- sampleDelayed s dt writeIORef r (Sampled v s) -- Since we are sampling it already, this node -- will be overwritten by the case above when -- the loop is closed. return v Sampled v _ -> return v Aged v _ -> return v {-| Aging the network of signals the given signal depends on. -} age :: forall a . Signal a -> DTime -> IO () age (S r) dt = do t <- readIORef r case t of Sampled v s -> do s' <- advance s v dt writeIORef r (Aged v s') -- TODO: branching can be trivially parallelised case s' of SNT s _ _ -> age s dt SNA sf sx -> age sf dt >> age sx dt SNL s e ss -> age s dt >> age e dt >> age ss dt SND _ s -> age s dt SNKA s l -> age s dt >> age l dt SNF1 _ s -> age s dt SNF2 _ s1 s2 -> age s1 dt >> age s2 dt SNF3 _ s1 s2 s3 -> age s1 dt >> age s2 dt >> age s3 dt SNF4 _ s1 s2 s3 s4 -> age s1 dt >> age s2 dt >> age s3 dt >> age s4 dt SNF5 _ s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 -> age s1 dt >> age s2 dt >> age s3 dt >> age s4 dt >> age s5 dt _ -> return () Aged _ _ -> return () _ -> error "Inconsistent state: signal not sampled properly!" {-| Finalising aged signals for the next round. -} commit :: forall a . Signal a -> IO () commit (S r) = do t <- readIORef r case t of Aged _ s -> do writeIORef r (Ready s) -- TODO: branching can be trivially parallelised case s of SNT s _ _ -> commit s SNA sf sx -> commit sf >> commit sx SNL s e ss -> commit s >> commit e >> commit ss SND _ s -> commit s SNKA s l -> commit s >> commit l SNF1 _ s -> commit s SNF2 _ s1 s2 -> commit s1 >> commit s2 SNF3 _ s1 s2 s3 -> commit s1 >> commit s2 >> commit s3 SNF4 _ s1 s2 s3 s4 -> commit s1 >> commit s2 >> commit s3 >> commit s4 SNF5 _ s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 -> commit s1 >> commit s2 >> commit s3 >> commit s4 >> commit s5 _ -> return () Ready _ -> return () _ -> error "Inconsistent state: signal not aged properly!" {-| Aging the signal. Stateful signals have their state forced to prevent building up big thunks, and the latcher also does its job here. The other nodes are structurally static. -} advance :: SignalNode a -> a -> DTime -> IO (SignalNode a) advance (SNS x f) _ dt = x `seq` return (SNS (f dt x) f) advance (SNT s _ f) v _ = v `seq` return (SNT s v f) advance sw@(SNL _ e ss) _ dt = do -- These are ready samples! b <- signalValue e dt s' <- signalValue ss dt if b then return (SNL s' e ss) else return sw advance (SND _ s) _ dt = do x <- signalValue s dt return (SND x s) advance s _ _ = return s {-| Sampling the signal at the current moment. This is where static nodes propagate changes to those they depend on. Transfer functions ('SNT') and latchers ('SNL') work without delay, i.e. the effects of their input signals can be observed in the same superstep. -} sample :: SignalNode a -> DTime -> IO a sample (SNK x) _ = return x sample (SNS x _) _ = return x sample (SNT s x f) dt = do t <- signalValue s dt return $! f dt t x sample (SNA sf sx) dt = signalValue sf dt <*> signalValue sx dt sample (SNL s e ss) dt = do b <- signalValue e dt s' <- signalValue ss dt signalValue (if b then s' else s) dt sample (SNE r) _ = readIORef r sample (SND v _) _ = return v sample (SNR f) _ = return (f undefined) sample (SNKA s l) dt = do signalValue l dt signalValue s dt sample (SNF1 f s) dt = f <$> signalValue s dt sample (SNF2 f s1 s2) dt = liftM2 f (signalValue s1 dt) (signalValue s2 dt) sample (SNF3 f s1 s2 s3) dt = liftM3 f (signalValue s1 dt) (signalValue s2 dt) (signalValue s3 dt) sample (SNF4 f s1 s2 s3 s4) dt = liftM4 f (signalValue s1 dt) (signalValue s2 dt) (signalValue s3 dt) (signalValue s4 dt) sample (SNF5 f s1 s2 s3 s4 s5) dt = liftM5 f (signalValue s1 dt) (signalValue s2 dt) (signalValue s3 dt) (signalValue s4 dt) (signalValue s5 dt) {-| Sampling the signal with some kind of delay in order to resolve dependency loops. Transfer functions simply return their previous output, while latchers postpone the change and pass through the current value of their current signal even if the latch control signal is true at the moment. Other types of signals are always handled by the `sample` function, so it is not possible to create a stateful loop composed of solely stateless combinators. -} sampleDelayed :: SignalNode a -> DTime -> IO a sampleDelayed (SNT _ x _) _ = return x sampleDelayed (SNL s _ _) dt = signalValue s dt sampleDelayed sn dt = sample sn dt -- ** Userland primitives {-| Advancing the whole network that the given signal depends on by the amount of time given in the second argument. -} superstep :: Signal a -- ^ the top-level signal -> DTime -- ^ the amount of time to advance -> IO a -- ^ the current value of the signal superstep world dt = do snapshot <- signalValue world dt age world dt commit world return snapshot {-| A pure stateful signal. The initial state is the first output. -} stateful :: a -- ^ initial state -> (DTime -> a -> a) -- ^ state transformation -> Signal a stateful x0 f = createSignal (SNS x0 f) {-| A stateful transfer function. The current input affects the current output, i.e. the initial state given in the first argument is considered to appear before the first output, and can only be directly observed by the `sampleDelayed` function. -} transfer :: a -- ^ initial internal state -> (DTime -> t -> a -> a) -- ^ state updater function -> Signal t -- ^ input signal -> Signal a transfer x0 f s = createSignal (SNT s x0 f) {-| Reactive signal that starts out as @s@ and can change its behaviour to the one supplied in @ss@ whenever @e@ is true. The change can be observed immediately, unless the signal is sampled by `sampleDelayed`, which puts a delay on the latch control (but not on the latched signal!). -} latcher :: Signal a -- ^ @s@: initial behaviour -> Signal Bool -- ^ @e@: latch control signal -> Signal (Signal a) -- ^ @ss@: signal of potential future behaviours -> Signal a latcher s e ss = createSignal (SNL s e ss) {-| A signal that can be directly fed through the sink function returned. This can be used to attach the network to the outer world. -} external :: a -- ^ initial value -> IO (Signal a, Sink a) -- ^ the signal and an IO function to feed it external x0 = do ref <- newIORef x0 snr <- newIORef (Ready (SNE ref)) return (S snr,writeIORef ref) {-| The `delay` transfer function emits the value of a signal from the previous superstep, starting with the filler value given in the first argument. It has to be a primitive, otherwise it could not be used to prevent automatic delays. -} delay :: a -- ^ initial output -> Signal a -- ^ the signal to delay -> Signal a delay x0 s = createSignal (SND x0 s) {-| Dependency injection to allow aging signals whose output is not necessarily needed to produce the current sample of the first argument. It equivalent to @(flip . liftA2 . flip) const@, as it evaluates its second argument first. -} keepAlive :: Signal a -- ^ the actual output -> Signal t -- ^ a signal guaranteed to age when this one is sampled -> Signal a keepAlive s l = createSignal (SNKA s l) {-| Dependency injection to allow signals to be partly restarted, notably the parts synthesised by the function passed to 'restarter'. The function receives a dummy value that must not be evaluated (it is 'undefined'), but the result should depend on it somehow to prevent let-floating from memoising the result outside the function. Such a dependency can be established with the '==>' operator. Effectively, 'restarter' is a non-memoising version of 'pure' limited to construct higher-order signals. -} restarter :: (Void -> Signal a) -- ^ the function to synthesise signal -> Signal (Signal a) restarter f = createSignal (SNR f) {-| An operator that ignores its first argument and returns the second, but hides the fact that the first argument is not needed. It is equivalent to @flip const@, but it cannot be inlined. -} {-# NOINLINE (==>) #-} (==>) :: Void -> a -> a _ ==> x = x