exact-real-0.12.4: Exact real arithmetic

Data.CReal.Converge

Description

The Converge type class.

Synopsis

# Documentation

class Converge a where Source #

If a type is an instance of Converge then it represents a stream of values which are increasingly accurate approximations of a desired value

Associated Types

type Element a Source #

The type of the value the stream converges to.

Methods

converge :: a -> Maybe (Element a) Source #

converge is a function that returns the value the stream is converging to. If given a stream which doens't converge to a single value then converge will not terminate.

If the stream is empty then it should return nothing.

>>> let initialGuess = 1 :: Double
>>> let improve x = (x + 121 / x) / 2
>>> converge (iterate improve initialGuess)
Just 11.0

>>> converge [] :: Maybe [Int]
Nothing


convergeErr :: Ord (Element a) => (Element a -> Element a) -> a -> Maybe (Element a) Source #

convergeErr is a function that returns the value the stream is converging to. It also takes a function err which returns a value which varies monotonically with the error of the value in the stream. This can be used to ensure that when convergeErr terminates when given a non-converging stream or a stream which enters a cycle close to the solution. See the documentation for the CReal instance for a caveat with that implementation.

It's often the case that streams generated with approximation functions such as Newton's method will generate worse approximations for some number of steps until they find the "zone of convergence". For these cases it's necessary to drop some values of the stream before handing it to convergeErr.

For example trying to find the root of the following funciton f with a poor choice of starting point. Although this doesn't find the root, it doesn't fail to terminate.

>>> let f  x = x ^ 3 - 2 * x + 2
>>> let f' x = 3 * x ^ 2 - 2
>>> let initialGuess = 0.1 :: Float
>>> let improve x = x - f x / f' x
>>> let err x = abs (f x)
>>> convergeErr err (iterate improve initialGuess)
Just 1.0142132

Instances
 Eq a => Converge [a] Source # Every list of equatable values is an instance of Converge. converge returns the first element which is equal to the succeeding element in the list. If the list ends before the sequence converges the last value is returned. Instance detailsDefined in Data.CReal.Converge Associated Typestype Element [a] :: Type Source # Methodsconverge :: [a] -> Maybe (Element [a]) Source #convergeErr :: (Element [a] -> Element [a]) -> [a] -> Maybe (Element [a]) Source # Source # The overlapping instance for CReal n has a slightly different behavior. The instance for Eq will cause converge to return a value when the list converges to within 2^-n (due to the Eq instance for CReal n) despite the precision the value is requested at by the surrounding computation. This instance will return a value approximated to the correct precision.It's important to note when the error function reaches zero this function behaves like converge as it's not possible to determine the precision at which the error function should be evaluated at.Find where log x = π using Newton's method>>> let initialGuess = 1 >>> let improve x = x - x * (log x - pi) >>> let Just y = converge (iterate improve initialGuess) >>> showAtPrecision 10 y "23.1406" >>> showAtPrecision 50 y "23.1406926327792686"  Instance detailsDefined in Data.CReal.Converge Associated Typestype Element [CReal n] :: Type Source # Methodsconverge :: [CReal n] -> Maybe (Element [CReal n]) Source #convergeErr :: (Element [CReal n] -> Element [CReal n]) -> [CReal n] -> Maybe (Element [CReal n]) Source #