\begin{thebibliography}{10} \bibitem{aho-ullman} A.~Aho, R.~Sethi, and J.~Ullman. \newblock {\em {Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools}}. \newblock {Addison-Wesley}, 1988. \bibitem{cayenne} L.~Augustsson. \newblock {Cayenne---a language with dependent types}. \newblock In {\em Proc. of {ICFP'98}}. ACM Press, September 1998. \bibitem{bnfc} M.~Forsberg and A.~Ranta. \newblock {\mbox{BNF Converter Homepage}}. \newblock \verb!http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~markus/BNFC/!, 2002--2004. \bibitem{harper-honsell} R.~Harper, F.~Honsell, and G.~Plotkin. \newblock {A Framework for Defining Logics}. \newblock {\em {JACM}}, 40(1):143--184, 1993. \bibitem{metal} G.~Kahn, B.~Lang, B.~Mélèse, and E.~Morcos. \newblock Metal: a formalism to specify formalisms. \newblock {\em Science of {C}omputer {P}rogramming}, 3:151--188, 1983. \bibitem{khegai} J.\ Khegai, B.\ Nordström, and A.\ Ranta. \newblock {Multilingual Syntax Editing in GF}. \newblock In A.~Gelbukh, editor, {\em {Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics (CICLing-2003), Mexico City, February 2003}}, volume 2588 of {\em LNCS}, pages 453--464. Springer-Verlag, {2003}. %\newblock URL \url{http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/articles/mexico.ps.gz}. \bibitem{knuth-attr} D.~Knuth. \newblock Semantics of context-free languages. \newblock {\em Mathematical {Systems} {Theory}}, 2:127--145, 1968. \bibitem{landin} P.~Landin. \newblock The next 700 programming languages. \newblock {\em {Communications of the ACM}}, 9:157--166, 1966. \bibitem{magnusson-nordstr} L.~Magnusson and B.~Nordstr\"{o}m. \newblock The {ALF} proof editor and its proof engine. \newblock In {\em {Types for Proofs and Programs}}, LNCS 806, pages 213--237. Springer, 1994. \bibitem{happy} S.~Marlow. \newblock {Happy, The Parser Generator for Haskell}, 2001. \newblock \verb6http://www.haskell.org/happy/6. \bibitem{jasmin} J.~Meyer and T.~Downing. \newblock {\em {Java Virtual Machine}}. \newblock O'Reilly, 1997. \bibitem{semBNF} {P. M\"aenp\"a\"a}. \newblock {Semantic BNF}. \newblock In E.~Gimenez and C.~Paulin-Mohring, editors, {\em Types for Proofs and Programs, TYPES'96}, volume 1512 of {\em LNCS}, pages 196--215. Springer-Verlag, 1998. \bibitem{pereira-shieber} F.~Pereira and S.~Shieber. \newblock {\em {Prolog and Natural-Language Analysis}}. \newblock {CSLI}, Stanford, 1987. \bibitem{twelf} F.~Pfenning. \newblock {The Twelf Project}. \newblock \verb!http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~twelf!, 2002. \bibitem{gf-jfp} A.~Ranta. \newblock {Grammatical Framework: A Type-Theoretical Grammar Formalism}. \newblock {\em {The Journal of Functional Programming}}, 14(2):145--189, 2004. %\newblock URL \url{http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/articles/gf-jfp.ps.gz}. \bibitem{gf-homepage} A.~Ranta, K.~Angelov, and T.~Hallgren. \newblock {\mbox{Grammatical Framework Homepage}}. \newblock \verb!http://grammaticalframework.org!, 2000--2009. \bibitem{teitelbaum} T.~Teitelbaum and T.~Reps. \newblock The {Cornell} {Program} {Synthesizer}: a syntax-directed programming environment. \newblock {\em Commun. {ACM}}, 24(9):563--573, 1981. \end{thebibliography}