--2 Implementations of Words, with English as example concrete WordsEng of Words = SentencesEng ** open SyntaxEng, ParadigmsEng, (L = LexiconEng), (P = ParadigmsEng), IrregEng, ExtraEng, Prelude in { lin -- Kinds; many of them are in the resource lexicon, others can be built by $mkN$. Apple = mkCN L.apple_N ; Beer = mkCN L.beer_N ; Bread = mkCN L.bread_N ; Cheese = mkCN (mkN "cheese") ; Chicken = mkCN (mkN "chicken") ; Coffee = mkCN (mkN "coffee") ; Fish = mkCN L.fish_N ; Meat = mkCN (mkN "meat") ; Milk = mkCN L.milk_N ; Pizza = mkCN (mkN "pizza") ; Salt = mkCN L.salt_N ; Tea = mkCN (mkN "tea") ; Water = mkCN L.water_N ; Wine = mkCN L.wine_N ; -- Properties; many of them are in the resource lexicon, others can be built by $mkA$. Bad = L.bad_A ; Boring = mkA "boring" ; Cheap = mkA "cheap" ; Cold = L.cold_A ; Delicious = mkA "delicious" ; Expensive = mkA "expensive" ; Fresh = mkA "fresh" ; Good = L.good_A ; Suspect = mkA "suspect" ; Warm = L.warm_A ; -- Places require different prepositions to express location; in some languages -- also the directional preposition varies, but in English we use $to$, as -- defined by $mkPlace$. Airport = mkPlace "airport" "at" ; AmusementPark = mkCompoundPlace "amusement" "park" "at" ; Bank = mkPlace "bank" "at" ; Bar = mkPlace "bar" "in" ; Cafeteria = mkPlace "canteen" "in" ; Center = mkPlace "center" "in" ; Cinema = mkPlace "cinema" "at" ; Church = mkPlace "church" "in" ; Disco = mkPlace "disco" "at" ; Hospital = mkPlace "hospital" "in" ; Hotel = mkPlace "hotel" "in" ; Museum = mkPlace "museum" "at" ; Park = mkPlace "park" "in" ; Parking = mkCompoundPlace "car" "park" "in" ; Pharmacy = mkPlace "pharmacy" "at" ; PostOffice = mkCompoundPlace "post" "office" "at" ; Pub = mkPlace "pub" "at" ; Restaurant = mkPlace "restaurant" "in" ; School = mkPlace "school" "at" ; Shop = mkPlace "shop" "at" ; Station = mkPlace "station" "at" ; Supermarket = mkPlace "supermarket" "at" ; Theatre = mkPlace "theatre" "at" ; Toilet = mkPlace "toilet" "in" ; University = mkPlace "university" "at" ; Zoo = mkPlace "zoo" "at" ; CitRestaurant cit = mkCNPlace (mkCN cit (mkN "restaurant")) in_Prep to_Prep ; -- Currencies; $crown$ is ambiguous between Danish and Swedish crowns. DanishCrown = mkCN (mkA "Danish") (mkN "crown") | mkCN (mkN "crown") ; Dollar = mkCN (mkN "dollar") ; Euro = mkCN (mkN "euro" "euros") ; -- to prevent euroes Lei = mkCN (mkN "leu" "lei") ; Leva = mkCN (mkN "lev") ; NorwegianCrown = mkCN (mkA "Norwegian") (mkN "crown") | mkCN (mkN "crown") ; Pound = mkCN (mkN "pound") ; Rouble = mkCN (mkN "rouble") ; SwedishCrown = mkCN (mkA "Swedish") (mkN "crown") | mkCN (mkN "crown") ; Zloty = mkCN (mkN "zloty" "zloty") ; -- Nationalities Belgian = mkA "Belgian" ; Belgium = mkNP (mkPN "Belgium") ; Bulgarian = mkNat "Bulgarian" "Bulgaria" ; Catalan = mkNPNationality (mkNP (mkPN "Catalan")) (mkNP (mkPN "Catalonia")) (mkA "Catalonian") ; Danish = mkNat "Danish" "Denmark" ; Dutch = mkNPNationality (mkNP (mkPN "Dutch")) (mkNP the_Quant (mkN "Netherlands")) (mkA "Dutch") ; English = mkNat "English" "England" ; Finnish = mkNat "Finnish" "Finland" ; Flemish = mkNP (mkPN "Flemish") ; French = mkNat "French" "France" ; German = mkNat "German" "Germany" ; Italian = mkNat "Italian" "Italy" ; Norwegian = mkNat "Norwegian" "Norway" ; Polish = mkNat "Polish" "Poland" ; Romanian = mkNat "Romanian" "Romania" ; Russian = mkNat "Russian" "Russia" ; Spanish = mkNat "Spanish" "Spain" ; Swedish = mkNat "Swedish" "Sweden" ; -- Means of transportation Bike = mkTransport L.bike_N ; Bus = mkTransport (mkN "bus") ; Car = mkTransport L.car_N ; Ferry = mkTransport (mkN "ferry") ; Plane = mkTransport L.airplane_N ; Subway = mkTransport (mkN "subway") ; Taxi = mkTransport (mkN "taxi") ; Train = mkTransport (mkN "train") ; Tram = mkTransport (mkN "tram") ; ByFoot = P.mkAdv "by foot" ; -- Actions: the predication patterns are very often language-dependent. AHasAge p num = mkCl p.name (mkNP (mkNP num L.year_N) (ParadigmsEng.mkAdv "old")); AHasChildren p num = mkCl p.name have_V2 (mkNP num L.child_N) ; AHasRoom p num = mkCl p.name have_V2 (mkNP (mkNP a_Det (mkN "room")) (SyntaxEng.mkAdv for_Prep (mkNP num (mkN "person")))) ; AHasTable p num = mkCl p.name have_V2 (mkNP (mkNP a_Det (mkN "table")) (SyntaxEng.mkAdv for_Prep (mkNP num (mkN "person")))) ; AHasName p name = mkCl (nameOf p) name ; AHungry p = mkCl p.name (mkA "hungry") ; AIll p = mkCl p.name (mkA "ill") ; AKnow p = mkCl p.name IrregEng.know_V ; ALike p item = mkCl p.name (mkV2 (mkV "like")) item ; ALive p co = mkCl p.name (mkVP (mkVP (mkV "live")) (SyntaxEng.mkAdv in_Prep co)) ; ALove p q = mkCl p.name (mkV2 (mkV "love")) q.name ; AMarried p = mkCl p.name (mkA "married") ; AReady p = mkCl p.name (mkA "ready") ; AScared p = mkCl p.name (mkA "scared") ; ASpeak p lang = mkCl p.name (mkV2 IrregEng.speak_V) lang ; AThirsty p = mkCl p.name (mkA "thirsty") ; ATired p = mkCl p.name (mkA "tired") ; AUnderstand p = mkCl p.name IrregEng.understand_V ; AWant p obj = mkCl p.name (mkV2 (mkV "want")) obj ; AWantGo p place = mkCl p.name want_VV (mkVP (mkVP IrregEng.go_V) place.to) ; -- miscellaneous QWhatName p = mkQS (mkQCl whatSg_IP (mkVP (nameOf p))) ; QWhatAge p = mkQS (mkQCl (ICompAP (mkAP L.old_A)) p.name) ; HowMuchCost item = mkQS (mkQCl how8much_IAdv (mkCl item IrregEng.cost_V)) ; ItCost item price = mkCl item (mkV2 IrregEng.cost_V) price ; PropOpen p = mkCl p.name open_Adv ; PropClosed p = mkCl p.name closed_Adv ; PropOpenDate p d = mkCl p.name (mkVP (mkVP open_Adv) d) ; PropClosedDate p d = mkCl p.name (mkVP (mkVP closed_Adv) d) ; PropOpenDay p d = mkCl p.name (mkVP (mkVP open_Adv) d.habitual) ; PropClosedDay p d = mkCl p.name (mkVP (mkVP closed_Adv) d.habitual) ; -- Building phrases from strings is complicated: the solution is to use -- mkText : Text -> Text -> Text ; PSeeYouDate d = mkText (lin Text (ss ("see you"))) (mkPhrase (mkUtt d)) ; PSeeYouPlace p = mkText (lin Text (ss ("see you"))) (mkPhrase (mkUtt p.at)) ; PSeeYouPlaceDate p d = mkText (lin Text (ss ("see you"))) (mkText (mkPhrase (mkUtt p.at)) (mkPhrase (mkUtt d))) ; -- Relations are expressed as "my wife" or "my son's wife", as defined by $xOf$ -- below. Languages without productive genitives must use an equivalent of -- "the wife of my son" for non-pronouns. Wife = xOf sing (mkN "wife") ; Husband = xOf sing (mkN "husband") ; Son = xOf sing (mkN "son") ; Daughter = xOf sing (mkN "daughter") ; Children = xOf plur L.child_N ; -- week days Monday = mkDay "Monday" ; Tuesday = mkDay "Tuesday" ; Wednesday = mkDay "Wednesday" ; Thursday = mkDay "Thursday" ; Friday = mkDay "Friday" ; Saturday = mkDay "Saturday" ; Sunday = mkDay "Sunday" ; Tomorrow = P.mkAdv "tomorrow" ; -- modifiers of places TheBest = mkSuperl L.good_A ; TheClosest = mkSuperl L.near_A ; TheCheapest = mkSuperl (mkA "cheap") ; TheMostExpensive = mkSuperl (mkA "expensive") ; TheMostPopular = mkSuperl (mkA "popular") ; TheWorst = mkSuperl L.bad_A ; SuperlPlace sup p = placeNP sup p ; -- transports HowFar place = mkQS (mkQCl far_IAdv place.name) ; HowFarFrom x y = mkQS (mkQCl far_IAdv (mkCl y.name (SyntaxEng.mkAdv from_Prep x.name))) ; HowFarFromBy x y t = mkQS (mkQCl far_IAdv (mkCl y.name (SyntaxEng.mkAdv from_Prep (mkNP x.name t)))) ; HowFarBy y t = mkQS (mkQCl far_IAdv (mkCl y.name t)) ; WhichTranspPlace trans place = mkQS (mkQCl (mkIP which_IDet trans.name) (mkVP (mkVP L.go_V) place.to)) ; IsTranspPlace trans place = mkQS (mkQCl (mkCl (mkCN trans.name place.to))) ; -- auxiliaries oper mkNat : Str -> Str -> NPNationality = \nat,co -> mkNPNationality (mkNP (mkPN nat)) (mkNP (mkPN co)) (mkA nat) ; mkDay : Str -> {name : NP ; point : Adv ; habitual : Adv} = \d -> let day = mkNP (mkPN d) in mkNPDay day (SyntaxEng.mkAdv on_Prep day) (SyntaxEng.mkAdv on_Prep (mkNP a_Quant plNum (mkCN (mkN d)))) ; mkCompoundPlace : Str -> Str -> Str -> {name : CN ; at : Prep ; to : Prep; isPl : Bool} = \comp, p, i -> mkCNPlace (mkCN (P.mkN comp (mkN p))) (P.mkPrep i) to_Prep ; mkPlace : Str -> Str -> {name : CN ; at : Prep ; to : Prep; isPl : Bool} = \p,i -> mkCNPlace (mkCN (mkN p)) (P.mkPrep i) to_Prep ; open_Adv = P.mkAdv "open" ; closed_Adv = P.mkAdv "closed" ; xOf : GNumber -> N -> NPPerson -> NPPerson = \n,x,p -> relativePerson n (mkCN x) (\a,b,c -> mkNP (GenNP b) a c) p ; nameOf : NPPerson -> NP = \p -> (xOf sing (mkN "name") p).name ; mkTransport : N -> {name : CN ; by : Adv} = \n -> { name = mkCN n ; by = SyntaxEng.mkAdv by8means_Prep (mkNP n) } ; mkSuperl : A -> Det = \a -> SyntaxEng.mkDet the_Art (SyntaxEng.mkOrd a) ; far_IAdv = ExtraEng.IAdvAdv (ss "far") ; }