-- (c) The University of Glasgow 2006 {-# LANGUAGE CPP, ScopedTypeVariables, ViewPatterns #-} {-# LANGUAGE GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving #-} module Digraph( Graph, graphFromEdgedVerticesOrd, graphFromEdgedVerticesUniq, SCC(..), Node(..), flattenSCC, flattenSCCs, stronglyConnCompG, topologicalSortG, verticesG, edgesG, hasVertexG, reachableG, reachablesG, transposeG, emptyG, findCycle, -- For backwards compatibility with the simpler version of Digraph stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesOrd, stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesOrdR, stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesUniq, stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesUniqR, -- Simple way to classify edges EdgeType(..), classifyEdges ) where #include "HsVersions.h" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- A version of the graph algorithms described in: -- -- ``Lazy Depth-First Search and Linear IntGraph Algorithms in Haskell'' -- by David King and John Launchbury -- -- Also included is some additional code for printing tree structures ... -- -- If you ever find yourself in need of algorithms for classifying edges, -- or finding connected/biconnected components, consult the history; Sigbjorn -- Finne contributed some implementations in 1997, although we've since -- removed them since they were not used anywhere in GHC. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ import GhcPrelude import Util ( minWith, count ) import Outputable import Maybes ( expectJust ) -- std interfaces import Data.Maybe import Data.Array import Data.List hiding (transpose) import qualified Data.Map as Map import qualified Data.Set as Set import qualified Data.Graph as G import Data.Graph hiding (Graph, Edge, transposeG, reachable) import Data.Tree import Unique import UniqFM {- ************************************************************************ * * * Graphs and Graph Construction * * ************************************************************************ Note [Nodes, keys, vertices] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * A 'node' is a big blob of client-stuff * Each 'node' has a unique (client) 'key', but the latter is in Ord and has fast comparison * Digraph then maps each 'key' to a Vertex (Int) which is arranged densely in 0.n -} data Graph node = Graph { gr_int_graph :: IntGraph, gr_vertex_to_node :: Vertex -> node, gr_node_to_vertex :: node -> Maybe Vertex } data Edge node = Edge node node {-| Representation for nodes of the Graph. * The @payload@ is user data, just carried around in this module * The @key@ is the node identifier. Key has an Ord instance for performance reasons. * The @[key]@ are the dependencies of the node; it's ok to have extra keys in the dependencies that are not the key of any Node in the graph -} data Node key payload = DigraphNode { node_payload :: payload, -- ^ User data node_key :: key, -- ^ User defined node id node_dependencies :: [key] -- ^ Dependencies/successors of the node } instance (Outputable a, Outputable b) => Outputable (Node a b) where ppr (DigraphNode a b c) = ppr (a, b, c) emptyGraph :: Graph a emptyGraph = Graph (array (1, 0) []) (error "emptyGraph") (const Nothing) -- See Note [Deterministic SCC] graphFromEdgedVertices :: ReduceFn key payload -> [Node key payload] -- The graph; its ok for the -- out-list to contain keys which aren't -- a vertex key, they are ignored -> Graph (Node key payload) graphFromEdgedVertices _reduceFn [] = emptyGraph graphFromEdgedVertices reduceFn edged_vertices = Graph graph vertex_fn (key_vertex . key_extractor) where key_extractor = node_key (bounds, vertex_fn, key_vertex, numbered_nodes) = reduceFn edged_vertices key_extractor graph = array bounds [ (v, sort $ mapMaybe key_vertex ks) | (v, (node_dependencies -> ks)) <- numbered_nodes] -- We normalize outgoing edges by sorting on node order, so -- that the result doesn't depend on the order of the edges -- See Note [Deterministic SCC] -- See Note [reduceNodesIntoVertices implementations] graphFromEdgedVerticesOrd :: Ord key => [Node key payload] -- The graph; its ok for the -- out-list to contain keys which aren't -- a vertex key, they are ignored -> Graph (Node key payload) graphFromEdgedVerticesOrd = graphFromEdgedVertices reduceNodesIntoVerticesOrd -- See Note [Deterministic SCC] -- See Note [reduceNodesIntoVertices implementations] graphFromEdgedVerticesUniq :: Uniquable key => [Node key payload] -- The graph; its ok for the -- out-list to contain keys which aren't -- a vertex key, they are ignored -> Graph (Node key payload) graphFromEdgedVerticesUniq = graphFromEdgedVertices reduceNodesIntoVerticesUniq type ReduceFn key payload = [Node key payload] -> (Node key payload -> key) -> (Bounds, Vertex -> Node key payload , key -> Maybe Vertex, [(Vertex, Node key payload)]) {- Note [reduceNodesIntoVertices implementations] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ reduceNodesIntoVertices is parameterized by the container type. This is to accomodate key types that don't have an Ord instance and hence preclude the use of Data.Map. An example of such type would be Unique, there's no way to implement Ord Unique deterministically. For such types, there's a version with a Uniquable constraint. This leaves us with two versions of every function that depends on reduceNodesIntoVertices, one with Ord constraint and the other with Uniquable constraint. For example: graphFromEdgedVerticesOrd and graphFromEdgedVerticesUniq. The Uniq version should be a tiny bit more efficient since it uses Data.IntMap internally. -} reduceNodesIntoVertices :: ([(key, Vertex)] -> m) -> (key -> m -> Maybe Vertex) -> ReduceFn key payload reduceNodesIntoVertices fromList lookup nodes key_extractor = (bounds, (!) vertex_map, key_vertex, numbered_nodes) where max_v = length nodes - 1 bounds = (0, max_v) :: (Vertex, Vertex) -- Keep the order intact to make the result depend on input order -- instead of key order numbered_nodes = zip [0..] nodes vertex_map = array bounds numbered_nodes key_map = fromList [ (key_extractor node, v) | (v, node) <- numbered_nodes ] key_vertex k = lookup k key_map -- See Note [reduceNodesIntoVertices implementations] reduceNodesIntoVerticesOrd :: Ord key => ReduceFn key payload reduceNodesIntoVerticesOrd = reduceNodesIntoVertices Map.fromList Map.lookup -- See Note [reduceNodesIntoVertices implementations] reduceNodesIntoVerticesUniq :: Uniquable key => ReduceFn key payload reduceNodesIntoVerticesUniq = reduceNodesIntoVertices listToUFM (flip lookupUFM) {- ************************************************************************ * * * SCC * * ************************************************************************ -} type WorkItem key payload = (Node key payload, -- Tip of the path [payload]) -- Rest of the path; -- [a,b,c] means c depends on b, b depends on a -- | Find a reasonably short cycle a->b->c->a, in a strongly -- connected component. The input nodes are presumed to be -- a SCC, so you can start anywhere. findCycle :: forall payload key. Ord key => [Node key payload] -- The nodes. The dependencies can -- contain extra keys, which are ignored -> Maybe [payload] -- A cycle, starting with node -- so each depends on the next findCycle graph = go Set.empty (new_work root_deps []) [] where env :: Map.Map key (Node key payload) env = Map.fromList [ (node_key node, node) | node <- graph ] -- Find the node with fewest dependencies among the SCC modules -- This is just a heuristic to find some plausible root module root :: Node key payload root = fst (minWith snd [ (node, count (`Map.member` env) (node_dependencies node)) | node <- graph ]) DigraphNode root_payload root_key root_deps = root -- 'go' implements Dijkstra's algorithm, more or less go :: Set.Set key -- Visited -> [WorkItem key payload] -- Work list, items length n -> [WorkItem key payload] -- Work list, items length n+1 -> Maybe [payload] -- Returned cycle -- Invariant: in a call (go visited ps qs), -- visited = union (map tail (ps ++ qs)) go _ [] [] = Nothing -- No cycles go visited [] qs = go visited qs [] go visited (((DigraphNode payload key deps), path) : ps) qs | key == root_key = Just (root_payload : reverse path) | key `Set.member` visited = go visited ps qs | key `Map.notMember` env = go visited ps qs | otherwise = go (Set.insert key visited) ps (new_qs ++ qs) where new_qs = new_work deps (payload : path) new_work :: [key] -> [payload] -> [WorkItem key payload] new_work deps path = [ (n, path) | Just n <- map (`Map.lookup` env) deps ] {- ************************************************************************ * * * Strongly Connected Component wrappers for Graph * * ************************************************************************ Note: the components are returned topologically sorted: later components depend on earlier ones, but not vice versa i.e. later components only have edges going from them to earlier ones. -} {- Note [Deterministic SCC] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesUniq, stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesUniqR, stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesOrd and stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesOrdR provide a following guarantee: Given a deterministically ordered list of nodes it returns a deterministically ordered list of strongly connected components, where the list of vertices in an SCC is also deterministically ordered. Note that the order of edges doesn't need to be deterministic for this to work. We use the order of nodes to normalize the order of edges. -} stronglyConnCompG :: Graph node -> [SCC node] stronglyConnCompG graph = decodeSccs graph forest where forest = {-# SCC "Digraph.scc" #-} scc (gr_int_graph graph) decodeSccs :: Graph node -> Forest Vertex -> [SCC node] decodeSccs Graph { gr_int_graph = graph, gr_vertex_to_node = vertex_fn } forest = map decode forest where decode (Node v []) | mentions_itself v = CyclicSCC [vertex_fn v] | otherwise = AcyclicSCC (vertex_fn v) decode other = CyclicSCC (dec other []) where dec (Node v ts) vs = vertex_fn v : foldr dec vs ts mentions_itself v = v `elem` (graph ! v) -- The following two versions are provided for backwards compatibility: -- See Note [Deterministic SCC] -- See Note [reduceNodesIntoVertices implementations] stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesOrd :: Ord key => [Node key payload] -> [SCC payload] stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesOrd = map (fmap node_payload) . stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesOrdR -- The following two versions are provided for backwards compatibility: -- See Note [Deterministic SCC] -- See Note [reduceNodesIntoVertices implementations] stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesUniq :: Uniquable key => [Node key payload] -> [SCC payload] stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesUniq = map (fmap node_payload) . stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesUniqR -- The "R" interface is used when you expect to apply SCC to -- (some of) the result of SCC, so you don't want to lose the dependency info -- See Note [Deterministic SCC] -- See Note [reduceNodesIntoVertices implementations] stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesOrdR :: Ord key => [Node key payload] -> [SCC (Node key payload)] stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesOrdR = stronglyConnCompG . graphFromEdgedVertices reduceNodesIntoVerticesOrd -- The "R" interface is used when you expect to apply SCC to -- (some of) the result of SCC, so you don't want to lose the dependency info -- See Note [Deterministic SCC] -- See Note [reduceNodesIntoVertices implementations] stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesUniqR :: Uniquable key => [Node key payload] -> [SCC (Node key payload)] stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesUniqR = stronglyConnCompG . graphFromEdgedVertices reduceNodesIntoVerticesUniq {- ************************************************************************ * * * Misc wrappers for Graph * * ************************************************************************ -} topologicalSortG :: Graph node -> [node] topologicalSortG graph = map (gr_vertex_to_node graph) result where result = {-# SCC "Digraph.topSort" #-} topSort (gr_int_graph graph) reachableG :: Graph node -> node -> [node] reachableG graph from = map (gr_vertex_to_node graph) result where from_vertex = expectJust "reachableG" (gr_node_to_vertex graph from) result = {-# SCC "Digraph.reachable" #-} reachable (gr_int_graph graph) [from_vertex] -- | Given a list of roots return all reachable nodes. reachablesG :: Graph node -> [node] -> [node] reachablesG graph froms = map (gr_vertex_to_node graph) result where result = {-# SCC "Digraph.reachable" #-} reachable (gr_int_graph graph) vs vs = [ v | Just v <- map (gr_node_to_vertex graph) froms ] hasVertexG :: Graph node -> node -> Bool hasVertexG graph node = isJust $ gr_node_to_vertex graph node verticesG :: Graph node -> [node] verticesG graph = map (gr_vertex_to_node graph) $ vertices (gr_int_graph graph) edgesG :: Graph node -> [Edge node] edgesG graph = map (\(v1, v2) -> Edge (v2n v1) (v2n v2)) $ edges (gr_int_graph graph) where v2n = gr_vertex_to_node graph transposeG :: Graph node -> Graph node transposeG graph = Graph (G.transposeG (gr_int_graph graph)) (gr_vertex_to_node graph) (gr_node_to_vertex graph) emptyG :: Graph node -> Bool emptyG g = graphEmpty (gr_int_graph g) {- ************************************************************************ * * * Showing Graphs * * ************************************************************************ -} instance Outputable node => Outputable (Graph node) where ppr graph = vcat [ hang (text "Vertices:") 2 (vcat (map ppr $ verticesG graph)), hang (text "Edges:") 2 (vcat (map ppr $ edgesG graph)) ] instance Outputable node => Outputable (Edge node) where ppr (Edge from to) = ppr from <+> text "->" <+> ppr to graphEmpty :: G.Graph -> Bool graphEmpty g = lo > hi where (lo, hi) = bounds g {- ************************************************************************ * * * IntGraphs * * ************************************************************************ -} type IntGraph = G.Graph {- ------------------------------------------------------------ -- Depth first search numbering ------------------------------------------------------------ -} -- Data.Tree has flatten for Tree, but nothing for Forest preorderF :: Forest a -> [a] preorderF ts = concat (map flatten ts) {- ------------------------------------------------------------ -- Finding reachable vertices ------------------------------------------------------------ -} -- This generalizes reachable which was found in Data.Graph reachable :: IntGraph -> [Vertex] -> [Vertex] reachable g vs = preorderF (dfs g vs) {- ************************************************************************ * * * Classify Edge Types * * ************************************************************************ -} -- Remark: While we could generalize this algorithm this comes at a runtime -- cost and with no advantages. If you find yourself using this with graphs -- not easily represented using Int nodes please consider rewriting this -- using the more general Graph type. -- | Edge direction based on DFS Classification data EdgeType = Forward | Cross | Backward -- ^ Loop back towards the root node. -- Eg backjumps in loops | SelfLoop -- ^ v -> v deriving (Eq,Ord) instance Outputable EdgeType where ppr Forward = text "Forward" ppr Cross = text "Cross" ppr Backward = text "Backward" ppr SelfLoop = text "SelfLoop" newtype Time = Time Int deriving (Eq,Ord,Num,Outputable) --Allow for specialzation {-# INLINEABLE classifyEdges #-} -- | Given a start vertex, a way to get successors from a node -- and a list of (directed) edges classify the types of edges. classifyEdges :: forall key. Uniquable key => key -> (key -> [key]) -> [(key,key)] -> [((key, key), EdgeType)] classifyEdges root getSucc edges = --let uqe (from,to) = (getUnique from, getUnique to) --in pprTrace "Edges:" (ppr $ map uqe edges) $ zip edges $ map classify edges where (_time, starts, ends) = addTimes (0,emptyUFM,emptyUFM) root classify :: (key,key) -> EdgeType classify (from,to) | startFrom < startTo , endFrom > endTo = Forward | startFrom > startTo , endFrom < endTo = Backward | startFrom > startTo , endFrom > endTo = Cross | getUnique from == getUnique to = SelfLoop | otherwise = pprPanic "Failed to classify edge of Graph" (ppr (getUnique from, getUnique to)) where getTime event node | Just time <- lookupUFM event node = time | otherwise = pprPanic "Failed to classify edge of CFG - not not timed" (text "edges" <> ppr (getUnique from, getUnique to) <+> ppr starts <+> ppr ends ) startFrom = getTime starts from startTo = getTime starts to endFrom = getTime ends from endTo = getTime ends to addTimes :: (Time, UniqFM Time, UniqFM Time) -> key -> (Time, UniqFM Time, UniqFM Time) addTimes (time,starts,ends) n --Dont reenter nodes | elemUFM n starts = (time,starts,ends) | otherwise = let starts' = addToUFM starts n time time' = time + 1 succs = getSucc n :: [key] (time'',starts'',ends') = foldl' addTimes (time',starts',ends) succs ends'' = addToUFM ends' n time'' in (time'' + 1, starts'', ends'')