This is hledger.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from stdin.  File: hledger.info, Node: Top, Next: EXAMPLES, Up: (dir) hledger(1) hledger 1.9 ********************** This is hledger's command-line interface (there are also curses and web interfaces). Its basic function is to read a plain text file describing financial transactions (in accounting terms, a general journal) and print useful reports on standard output, or export them as CSV. hledger can also read some other file formats such as CSV files, translating them to journal format. Additionally, hledger lists other hledger-* executables found in the user's $PATH and can invoke them as subcommands. hledger reads data from one or more files in hledger journal, timeclock, timedot, or CSV format specified with '-f', or '$LEDGER_FILE', or '$HOME/.hledger.journal' (on windows, perhaps 'C:/Users/USER/.hledger.journal'). If using '$LEDGER_FILE', note this must be a real environment variable, not a shell variable. You can specify standard input with '-f-'. Transactions are dated movements of money between two (or more) named accounts, and are recorded with journal entries like this: 2015/10/16 bought food expenses:food $10 assets:cash For more about this format, see hledger_journal(5). Most users use a text editor to edit the journal, usually with an editor mode such as ledger-mode for added convenience. hledger's interactive add command is another way to record new transactions. hledger never changes existing transactions. To get started, you can either save some entries like the above in '~/.hledger.journal', or run 'hledger add' and follow the prompts. Then try some commands like 'hledger print' or 'hledger balance'. Run 'hledger' with no arguments for a list of commands. * Menu: * EXAMPLES:: * OPTIONS:: * QUERIES:: * COMMANDS:: * ADD-ON COMMANDS::  File: hledger.info, Node: EXAMPLES, Next: OPTIONS, Prev: Top, Up: Top 1 EXAMPLES ********** Two simple transactions in hledger journal format: 2015/9/30 gift received assets:cash $20 income:gifts 2015/10/16 farmers market expenses:food $10 assets:cash Some basic reports: $ hledger print 2015/09/30 gift received assets:cash $20 income:gifts $-20 2015/10/16 farmers market expenses:food $10 assets:cash $-10 $ hledger accounts --tree assets cash expenses food income gifts $ hledger balance $10 assets:cash $10 expenses:food $-20 income:gifts -------------------- 0 $ hledger register cash 2015/09/30 gift received assets:cash $20 $20 2015/10/16 farmers market assets:cash $-10 $10 More commands: $ hledger # show available commands $ hledger add # add more transactions to the journal file $ hledger balance # all accounts with aggregated balances $ hledger balance --help # show detailed help for balance command $ hledger balance --depth 1 # only top-level accounts $ hledger register # show account postings, with running total $ hledger reg income # show postings to/from income accounts $ hledger reg 'assets:some bank:checking' # show postings to/from this checking account $ hledger print desc:shop # show transactions with shop in the description $ hledger activity -W # show transaction counts per week as a bar chart  File: hledger.info, Node: OPTIONS, Next: QUERIES, Prev: EXAMPLES, Up: Top 2 OPTIONS ********* * Menu: * General options:: * Command options:: * Command arguments:: * Argument files:: * Special characters:: * Input files:: * Smart dates:: * Report start & end date:: * Report intervals:: * Period expressions:: * Depth limiting:: * Pivoting:: * Cost:: * Market value:: * Combining -B and -V:: * Output destination:: * Output format:: * Regular expressions::  File: hledger.info, Node: General options, Next: Command options, Up: OPTIONS 2.1 General options =================== To see general usage help, including general options which are supported by most hledger commands, run 'hledger -h'. General help options: '-h --help' show general usage (or after COMMAND, command usage) '--version' show version '--debug[=N]' show debug output (levels 1-9, default: 1) General input options: '-f FILE --file=FILE' use a different input file. For stdin, use - (default: '$LEDGER_FILE' or '$HOME/.hledger.journal') '--rules-file=RULESFILE' Conversion rules file to use when reading CSV (default: FILE.rules) '--alias=OLD=NEW' rename accounts named OLD to NEW '--anon' anonymize accounts and payees '--pivot FIELDNAME' use some other field or tag for the account name '-I --ignore-assertions' ignore any failing balance assertions General reporting options: '-b --begin=DATE' include postings/txns on or after this date '-e --end=DATE' include postings/txns before this date '-D --daily' multiperiod/multicolumn report by day '-W --weekly' multiperiod/multicolumn report by week '-M --monthly' multiperiod/multicolumn report by month '-Q --quarterly' multiperiod/multicolumn report by quarter '-Y --yearly' multiperiod/multicolumn report by year '-p --period=PERIODEXP' set start date, end date, and/or reporting interval all at once using period expressions syntax (overrides the flags above) '--date2' match the secondary date instead (see command help for other effects) '-U --unmarked' include only unmarked postings/txns (can combine with -P or -C) '-P --pending' include only pending postings/txns '-C --cleared' include only cleared postings/txns '-R --real' include only non-virtual postings '-NUM --depth=NUM' hide/aggregate accounts or postings more than NUM levels deep '-E --empty' show items with zero amount, normally hidden (and vice-versa in hledger-ui/hledger-web) '-B --cost' convert amounts to their cost at transaction time (using the transaction price, if any) '-V --value' convert amounts to their market value on the report end date (using the most recent applicable market price, if any) '--auto' apply automated posting rules to modify transactions. '--forecast' apply periodic transaction rules to generate future transactions, to 6 months from now or report end date. When a reporting option appears more than once in the command line, the last one takes precedence. Some reporting options can also be written as query arguments.  File: hledger.info, Node: Command options, Next: Command arguments, Prev: General options, Up: OPTIONS 2.2 Command options =================== To see options for a particular command, including command-specific options, run: 'hledger COMMAND -h'. Command-specific options must be written after the command name, eg: 'hledger print -x'. Additionally, if the command is an addon, you may need to put its options after a double-hyphen, eg: 'hledger ui -- --watch'. Or, you can run the addon executable directly: 'hledger-ui --watch'.  File: hledger.info, Node: Command arguments, Next: Argument files, Prev: Command options, Up: OPTIONS 2.3 Command arguments ===================== Most hledger commands accept arguments after the command name, which are often a query, filtering the data in some way.  File: hledger.info, Node: Argument files, Next: Special characters, Prev: Command arguments, Up: OPTIONS 2.4 Argument files ================== You can save a set of command line options/arguments in a file, one per line, and then reuse them by writing '@FILENAME' in a command line. To prevent this expansion of '@'-arguments, precede them with a '--' argument. For more, see Save frequently used options.  File: hledger.info, Node: Special characters, Next: Input files, Prev: Argument files, Up: OPTIONS 2.5 Special characters ====================== Option and argument values which contain problematic characters should be escaped with double quotes, backslashes, or (best) single quotes. Problematic characters means spaces, and also characters which are significant to your command shell, such as less-than/greater-than. Eg: 'hledger register -p 'last year' "accounts receivable (receivable|payable)" amt:\>100'. Characters which are significant both to the shell and in regular expressions sometimes need to be double-escaped. These include parentheses, the pipe symbol and the dollar sign. Eg, to match the dollar symbol, bash users should do: 'hledger balance cur:'\$'' or 'hledger balance cur:\\$'. When hledger is invoking an addon executable (like hledger-ui), options and arguments get de-escaped once more, so you might need _triple_-escaping. Eg: 'hledger ui cur:'\\$'' or 'hledger ui cur:\\\\$' in bash. (The number of backslashes in fish shell is left as an exercise for the reader.) Inside a file used for argument expansion, one less level of escaping is enough. (And in this case, backslashes seem to work better than quotes. Eg: 'cur:\$'). If in doubt, keep things simple: * run add-on executables directly * write options after the command * enclose problematic args in single quotes * if needed, also add a backslash to escape regexp metacharacters If you're really stumped, add '--debug=2' to troubleshoot.  File: hledger.info, Node: Input files, Next: Smart dates, Prev: Special characters, Up: OPTIONS 2.6 Input files =============== hledger reads transactions from a data file (and the add command writes to it). By default this file is '$HOME/.hledger.journal' (or on Windows, something like 'C:/Users/USER/.hledger.journal'). You can override this with the '$LEDGER_FILE' environment variable: $ setenv LEDGER_FILE ~/finance/2016.journal $ hledger stats or with the '-f/--file' option: $ hledger -f /some/file stats The file name '-' (hyphen) means standard input: $ cat some.journal | hledger -f- Usually the data file is in hledger's journal format, but it can also be one of several other formats, listed below. hledger detects the format automatically based on the file extension, or if that is not recognised, by trying each built-in "reader" in turn: Reader: Reads: Used for file extensions: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 'journal' hledger's journal format, also '.journal' '.j' some Ledger journals '.hledger' '.ledger' 'timeclock' timeclock files (precise time '.timeclock' logging) 'timedot' timedot files (approximate time '.timedot' logging) 'csv' comma-separated values (data '.csv' interchange) If needed (eg to ensure correct error messages when a file has the "wrong" extension), you can force a specific reader/format by prepending it to the file path with a colon. Examples: $ hledger -f csv:/some/csv-file.dat stats $ echo 'i 2009/13/1 08:00:00' | hledger print -ftimeclock:- You can also specify multiple '-f' options, to read multiple files as one big journal. There are some limitations with this: * directives in one file will not affect the other files * balance assertions will not see any account balances from previous files If you need those, either use the include directive, or concatenate the files, eg: 'cat a.journal b.journal | hledger -f- CMD'.  File: hledger.info, Node: Smart dates, Next: Report start & end date, Prev: Input files, Up: OPTIONS 2.7 Smart dates =============== hledger's user interfaces accept a flexible "smart date" syntax (unlike dates in the journal file). Smart dates allow some english words, can be relative to today's date, and can have less-significant date parts omitted (defaulting to 1). Examples: '2009/1/1', '2009/01/01', '2009-1-1', '2009.1.1' simple dates, several separators allowed '2009/1', '2009' same as above - a missing day or month defaults to 1 '1/1', 'january', 'jan', 'this year' relative dates, meaning january 1 of the current year 'next year' january 1 of next year 'this month' the 1st of the current month 'this week' the most recent monday 'last week' the monday of the week before this one 'lastweek' spaces are optional 'today', 'yesterday', 'tomorrow'  File: hledger.info, Node: Report start & end date, Next: Report intervals, Prev: Smart dates, Up: OPTIONS 2.8 Report start & end date =========================== Most hledger reports show the full span of time represented by the journal data, by default. So, the effective report start and end dates will be the earliest and latest transaction or posting dates found in the journal. Often you will want to see a shorter time span, such as the current month. You can specify a start and/or end date using '-b/--begin', '-e/--end', '-p/--period' or a 'date:' query (described below). All of these accept the smart date syntax. One important thing to be aware of when specifying end dates: as in Ledger, end dates are exclusive, so you need to write the date _after_ the last day you want to include. Examples: '-b 2016/3/17' begin on St. Patrick's day 2016 '-e 12/1' end at the start of december 1st of the current year (11/30 will be the last date included) '-b thismonth' all transactions on or after the 1st of the current month '-p thismonth' all transactions in the current month 'date:2016/3/17-' the above written as queries instead 'date:-12/1' 'date:thismonth-' 'date:thismonth'  File: hledger.info, Node: Report intervals, Next: Period expressions, Prev: Report start & end date, Up: OPTIONS 2.9 Report intervals ==================== A report interval can be specified so that commands like register, balance and activity will divide their reports into multiple subperiods. The basic intervals can be selected with one of '-D/--daily', '-W/--weekly', '-M/--monthly', '-Q/--quarterly', or '-Y/--yearly'. More complex intervals may be specified with a period expression. Report intervals can not be specified with a query, currently.  File: hledger.info, Node: Period expressions, Next: Depth limiting, Prev: Report intervals, Up: OPTIONS 2.10 Period expressions ======================= The '-p/--period' option accepts period expressions, a shorthand way of expressing a start date, end date, and/or report interval all at once. Here's a basic period expression specifying the first quarter of 2009. Note, hledger always treats start dates as inclusive and end dates as exclusive: '-p "from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1"' Keywords like "from" and "to" are optional, and so are the spaces, as long as you don't run two dates together. "to" can also be written as "-". These are equivalent to the above: '-p "2009/1/1 2009/4/1"' '-p2009/1/1to2009/4/1' '-p2009/1/1-2009/4/1' Dates are smart dates, so if the current year is 2009, the above can also be written as: '-p "1/1 4/1"' '-p "january-apr"' '-p "this year to 4/1"' If you specify only one date, the missing start or end date will be the earliest or latest transaction in your journal: '-p "from 2009/1/1"' everything after january 1, 2009 '-p "from 2009/1"' the same '-p "from 2009"' the same '-p "to 2009"' everything before january 1, 2009 A single date with no "from" or "to" defines both the start and end date like so: '-p "2009"' the year 2009; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2010/1/1" '-p "2009/1"' the month of jan; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2009/2/1" '-p "2009/1/1"' just that day; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2009/1/2" The argument of '-p' can also begin with, or be, a report interval expression. The basic report intervals are 'daily', 'weekly', 'monthly', 'quarterly', or 'yearly', which have the same effect as the '-D','-W','-M','-Q', or '-Y' flags. Between report interval and start/end dates (if any), the word 'in' is optional. Examples: '-p "weekly from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1"' '-p "monthly in 2008"' '-p "quarterly"' Note that 'weekly', 'monthly', 'quarterly' and 'yearly' intervals will always start on the first day on week, month, quarter or year accordingly, and will end on the last day of same period, even if associated period expression specifies different explicit start and end date. For example: '-p "weekly from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1"' - starts on 2008/12/29, closest preceeding Monday '-p "monthly in 2008/11/25"' - starts on 2018/11/01 '-p "quarterly from 2009-05-05 to 2009-06-01"' - starts on 2009/04/01, ends on 2009/06/30, which are first and last days of Q2 2009 '-p "yearly from 2009-12-29"' - starts on 2009/01/01, first day of 2009 The following more complex report intervals are also supported: 'biweekly', 'bimonthly', 'every day|week|month|quarter|year', 'every N days|weeks|months|quarters|years'. All of these will start on the first day of the requested period and end on the last one, as described above. Examples: '-p "bimonthly from 2008"' - periods will have boundaries on 2008/01/01, 2008/03/01, ... '-p "every 2 weeks"' - starts on closest preceeding Monday '-p "every 5 month from 2009/03"' - periods will have boundaries on 2009/03/01, 2009/08/01, ... If you want intervals that start on arbitrary day of your choosing and span a week, month or year, you need to use any of the following: 'every Nth day of week', 'every ', 'every Nth day [of month]', 'every Nth weekday [of month]', 'every MM/DD [of year]', 'every Nth MMM [of year]', 'every MMM Nth [of year]'. Examples: '-p "every 2nd day of week"' - periods will go from Tue to Tue '-p "every Tue"' - same '-p "every 15th day"' - period boundaries will be on 15th of each month '-p "every 2nd Monday"' - period boundaries will be on second Monday of each month '-p "every 11/05"' - yearly periods with boundaries on 5th of Nov '-p "every 5th Nov"' - same '-p "every Nov 5th"' - same Show historical balances at end of 15th each month (N is exclusive end date): 'hledger balance -H -p "every 16th day"' Group postings from start of wednesday to end of next tuesday (N is start date and exclusive end date): 'hledger register checking -p "every 3rd day of week"'  File: hledger.info, Node: Depth limiting, Next: Pivoting, Prev: Period expressions, Up: OPTIONS 2.11 Depth limiting =================== With the '--depth N' option (short form: '-N'), commands like account, balance and register will show only the uppermost accounts in the account tree, down to level N. Use this when you want a summary with less detail. This flag has the same effect as a 'depth:' query argument (so '-2', '--depth=2' or 'depth:2' are basically equivalent).  File: hledger.info, Node: Pivoting, Next: Cost, Prev: Depth limiting, Up: OPTIONS 2.12 Pivoting ============= Normally hledger sums amounts, and organizes them in a hierarchy, based on account name. The '--pivot FIELD' option causes it to sum and organize hierarchy based on the value of some other field instead. FIELD can be: 'code', 'description', 'payee', 'note', or the full name (case insensitive) of any tag. As with account names, values containing 'colon:separated:parts' will be displayed hierarchically in reports. '--pivot' is a general option affecting all reports; you can think of hledger transforming the journal before any other processing, replacing every posting's account name with the value of the specified field on that posting, inheriting it from the transaction or using a blank value if it's not present. An example: 2016/02/16 Member Fee Payment assets:bank account 2 EUR income:member fees -2 EUR ; member: John Doe Normal balance report showing account names: $ hledger balance 2 EUR assets:bank account -2 EUR income:member fees -------------------- 0 Pivoted balance report, using member: tag values instead: $ hledger balance --pivot member 2 EUR -2 EUR John Doe -------------------- 0 One way to show only amounts with a member: value (using a query, described below): $ hledger balance --pivot member tag:member=. -2 EUR John Doe -------------------- -2 EUR Another way (the acct: query matches against the pivoted "account name"): $ hledger balance --pivot member acct:. -2 EUR John Doe -------------------- -2 EUR  File: hledger.info, Node: Cost, Next: Market value, Prev: Pivoting, Up: OPTIONS 2.13 Cost ========= The '-B/--cost' flag converts amounts to their cost at transaction time, if they have a transaction price specified.  File: hledger.info, Node: Market value, Next: Combining -B and -V, Prev: Cost, Up: OPTIONS 2.14 Market value ================= The '-V/--value' flag converts reported amounts to their current market value. Specifically, when there is a market price (P directive) for the amount's commodity, dated on or before today's date (or the report end date if specified), the amount will be converted to the price's commodity. When there are multiple applicable P directives, -V chooses the most recent one, or in case of equal dates, the last-parsed one. For example: # one euro is worth this many dollars from nov 1 P 2016/11/01 € $1.10 # purchase some euros on nov 3 2016/11/3 assets:euros €100 assets:checking # the euro is worth fewer dollars by dec 21 P 2016/12/21 € $1.03 How many euros do I have ? $ hledger -f t.j bal euros €100 assets:euros What are they worth on nov 3 ? (no report end date specified, defaults to the last date in the journal) $ hledger -f t.j bal euros -V $110.00 assets:euros What are they worth on dec 21 ? $ hledger -f t.j bal euros -V -e 2016/12/21 $103.00 assets:euros Currently, hledger's -V only uses market prices recorded with P directives, not transaction prices (unlike Ledger).  File: hledger.info, Node: Combining -B and -V, Next: Output destination, Prev: Market value, Up: OPTIONS 2.15 Combining -B and -V ======================== Using -B/-cost and -V/-value together is currently allowed, but the results are probably not meaningful. Let us know if you find a use for this.  File: hledger.info, Node: Output destination, Next: Output format, Prev: Combining -B and -V, Up: OPTIONS 2.16 Output destination ======================= Some commands (print, register, stats, the balance commands) can write their output to a destination other than the console. This is controlled by the '-o/--output-file' option. $ hledger balance -o - # write to stdout (the default) $ hledger balance -o FILE # write to FILE  File: hledger.info, Node: Output format, Next: Regular expressions, Prev: Output destination, Up: OPTIONS 2.17 Output format ================== Some commands can write their output in other formats. Eg print and register can output CSV, and the balance commands can output CSV or HTML. This is controlled by the '-O/--output-format' option, or by specifying a '.csv' or '.html' file extension with '-o/--output-file'. $ hledger balance -O csv # write CSV to stdout $ hledger balance -o FILE.csv # write CSV to FILE.csv  File: hledger.info, Node: Regular expressions, Prev: Output format, Up: OPTIONS 2.18 Regular expressions ======================== hledger uses regular expressions in a number of places: * query terms, on the command line and in the hledger-web search form: 'REGEX', 'desc:REGEX', 'cur:REGEX', 'tag:...=REGEX' * CSV rules conditional blocks: 'if REGEX ...' * account alias directives and options: 'alias /REGEX/ = REPLACEMENT', '--alias /REGEX/=REPLACEMENT' hledger's regular expressions come from the regex-tdfa library. In general they: * are case insensitive * are infix matching (do not need to match the entire thing being matched) * are POSIX extended regular expressions * also support GNU word boundaries (\<, \>, \b, \B) * and parenthesised capturing groups and numeric backreferences in replacement strings * do not support mode modifiers like (?s) Some things to note: * In the 'alias' directive and '--alias' option, regular expressions must be enclosed in forward slashes ('/REGEX/'). Elsewhere in hledger, these are not required. * In queries, to match a regular expression metacharacter like '$' as a literal character, prepend a backslash. Eg to search for amounts with the dollar sign in hledger-web, write 'cur:\$'. * On the command line, some metacharacters like '$' have a special meaning to the shell and so must be escaped at least once more. See Special characters.  File: hledger.info, Node: QUERIES, Next: COMMANDS, Prev: OPTIONS, Up: Top 3 QUERIES ********* One of hledger's strengths is being able to quickly report on precise subsets of your data. Most commands accept an optional query expression, written as arguments after the command name, to filter the data by date, account name or other criteria. The syntax is similar to a web search: one or more space-separated search terms, quotes to enclose whitespace, prefixes to match specific fields, a not: prefix to negate the match. We do not yet support arbitrary boolean combinations of search terms; instead most commands show transactions/postings/accounts which match (or negatively match): * any of the description terms AND * any of the account terms AND * any of the status terms AND * all the other terms. The print command instead shows transactions which: * match any of the description terms AND * have any postings matching any of the positive account terms AND * have no postings matching any of the negative account terms AND * match all the other terms. The following kinds of search terms can be used. Remember these can also be prefixed with *'not:'*, eg to exclude a particular subaccount. *'REGEX'* match account names by this regular expression. (No prefix is equivalent to 'acct:'). *'acct:REGEX'* same as above *'amt:N, amt:N, amt:>=N'* match postings with a single-commodity amount that is equal to, less than, or greater than N. (Multi-commodity amounts are not tested, and will always match.) The comparison has two modes: if N is preceded by a + or - sign (or is 0), the two signed numbers are compared. Otherwise, the absolute magnitudes are compared, ignoring sign. *'code:REGEX'* match by transaction code (eg check number) *'cur:REGEX'* match postings or transactions including any amounts whose currency/commodity symbol is fully matched by REGEX. (For a partial match, use '.*REGEX.*'). Note, to match characters which are regex-significant, like the dollar sign ('$'), you need to prepend '\'. And when using the command line you need to add one more level of quoting to hide it from the shell, so eg do: 'hledger print cur:'\$'' or 'hledger print cur:\\$'. *'desc:REGEX'* match transaction descriptions. *'date:PERIODEXPR'* match dates within the specified period. PERIODEXPR is a period expression (with no report interval). Examples: 'date:2016', 'date:thismonth', 'date:2000/2/1-2/15', 'date:lastweek-'. If the '--date2' command line flag is present, this matches secondary dates instead. *'date2:PERIODEXPR'* match secondary dates within the specified period. *'depth:N'* match (or display, depending on command) accounts at or above this depth *'note:REGEX'* match transaction notes (part of description right of '|', or whole description when there's no '|') *'payee:REGEX'* match transaction payee/payer names (part of description left of '|', or whole description when there's no '|') *'real:, real:0'* match real or virtual postings respectively *'status:, status:!, status:*'* match unmarked, pending, or cleared transactions respectively *'tag:REGEX[=REGEX]'* match by tag name, and optionally also by tag value. Note a tag: query is considered to match a transaction if it matches any of the postings. Also remember that postings inherit the tags of their parent transaction. The following special search term is used automatically in hledger-web, only: *'inacct:ACCTNAME'* tells hledger-web to show the transaction register for this account. Can be filtered further with 'acct' etc. Some of these can also be expressed as command-line options (eg 'depth:2' is equivalent to '--depth 2'). Generally you can mix options and query arguments, and the resulting query will be their intersection (perhaps excluding the '-p/--period' option).  File: hledger.info, Node: COMMANDS, Next: ADD-ON COMMANDS, Prev: QUERIES, Up: Top 4 COMMANDS ********** hledger provides a number of subcommands; 'hledger' with no arguments shows a list. If you install additional 'hledger-*' packages, or if you put programs or scripts named 'hledger-NAME' in your PATH, these will also be listed as subcommands. Run a subcommand by writing its name as first argument (eg 'hledger incomestatement'). You can also write one of the standard short aliases displayed in parentheses in the command list ('hledger b'), or any any unambiguous prefix of a command name ('hledger inc'). Here are all the builtin commands in alphabetical order. See also 'hledger' for a more organised command list, and 'hledger CMD -h' for detailed command help. * Menu: * accounts:: * activity:: * add:: * balance:: * balancesheet:: * balancesheetequity:: * cashflow:: * check-dates:: * check-dupes:: * close:: * help:: * import:: * incomestatement:: * prices:: * print:: * print-unique:: * register:: * register-match:: * rewrite:: * stats:: * tags:: * test::  File: hledger.info, Node: accounts, Next: activity, Up: COMMANDS 4.1 accounts ============ Show account names. Alias: a. '--declared' show account names declared with account directives '--used' show account names posted to by transactions '--tree' show short account names and their parents, as a tree '--flat' show full account names, as a list (default) '--drop=N' in flat mode: omit N leading account name parts This command lists account names, either declared with account directives (-declared), posted to (-used), or both (default). With query arguments, only matched account names and account names referenced by matched postings are shown. It shows a flat list by default. With '--tree', it uses indentation to show the account hierarchy. In flat mode you can add '--drop N' to omit the first few account name components. Account names can be depth-clipped with '--depth N' or depth:N. Examples: $ hledger accounts --tree assets bank checking saving cash expenses food supplies income gifts salary liabilities debts $ hledger accounts --drop 1 bank:checking bank:saving cash food supplies gifts salary debts $ hledger accounts assets:bank:checking assets:bank:saving assets:cash expenses:food expenses:supplies income:gifts income:salary liabilities:debts  File: hledger.info, Node: activity, Next: add, Prev: accounts, Up: COMMANDS 4.2 activity ============ Show an ascii barchart of posting counts per interval. The activity command displays an ascii histogram showing transaction counts by day, week, month or other reporting interval (by day is the default). With query arguments, it counts only matched transactions. $ hledger activity --quarterly 2008-01-01 ** 2008-04-01 ******* 2008-07-01 2008-10-01 **  File: hledger.info, Node: add, Next: balance, Prev: activity, Up: COMMANDS 4.3 add ======= Prompt for transactions and add them to the journal. '--no-new-accounts' don't allow creating new accounts; helps prevent typos when entering account names Many hledger users edit their journals directly with a text editor, or generate them from CSV. For more interactive data entry, there is the 'add' command, which prompts interactively on the console for new transactions, and appends them to the journal file (if there are multiple '-f FILE' options, the first file is used.) Existing transactions are not changed. This is the only hledger command that writes to the journal file. To use it, just run 'hledger add' and follow the prompts. You can add as many transactions as you like; when you are finished, enter '.' or press control-d or control-c to exit. Features: * add tries to provide useful defaults, using the most similar recent transaction (by description) as a template. * You can also set the initial defaults with command line arguments. * Readline-style edit keys can be used during data entry. * The tab key will auto-complete whenever possible - accounts, descriptions, dates ('yesterday', 'today', 'tomorrow'). If the input area is empty, it will insert the default value. * If the journal defines a default commodity, it will be added to any bare numbers entered. * A parenthesised transaction code may be entered following a date. * Comments and tags may be entered following a description or amount. * If you make a mistake, enter '<' at any prompt to restart the transaction. * Input prompts are displayed in a different colour when the terminal supports it. Example (see the tutorial for a detailed explanation): $ hledger add Adding transactions to journal file /src/hledger/examples/sample.journal Any command line arguments will be used as defaults. Use tab key to complete, readline keys to edit, enter to accept defaults. An optional (CODE) may follow transaction dates. An optional ; COMMENT may follow descriptions or amounts. If you make a mistake, enter < at any prompt to restart the transaction. To end a transaction, enter . when prompted. To quit, enter . at a date prompt or press control-d or control-c. Date [2015/05/22]: Description: supermarket Account 1: expenses:food Amount 1: $10 Account 2: assets:checking Amount 2 [$-10.0]: Account 3 (or . or enter to finish this transaction): . 2015/05/22 supermarket expenses:food $10 assets:checking $-10.0 Save this transaction to the journal ? [y]: Saved. Starting the next transaction (. or ctrl-D/ctrl-C to quit) Date [2015/05/22]: $  File: hledger.info, Node: balance, Next: balancesheet, Prev: add, Up: COMMANDS 4.4 balance =========== Show accounts and their balances. Aliases: b, bal. '--change' show balance change in each period (default) '--cumulative' show balance change accumulated across periods (in multicolumn reports) '-H --historical' show historical ending balance in each period (includes postings before report start date) '--tree' show accounts as a tree; amounts include subaccounts (default in simple reports) '--flat' show accounts as a list; amounts exclude subaccounts except when account is depth-clipped (default in multicolumn reports) '-A --average' show a row average column (in multicolumn mode) '-T --row-total' show a row total column (in multicolumn mode) '-N --no-total' don't show the final total row '--drop=N' omit N leading account name parts (in flat mode) '--no-elide' don't squash boring parent accounts (in tree mode) '--format=LINEFORMAT' in single-column balance reports: use this custom line format '-O FMT --output-format=FMT' select the output format. Supported formats: txt, csv, html. '-o FILE --output-file=FILE' write output to FILE. A file extension matching one of the above formats selects that format. '--pretty-tables' use unicode to display prettier tables. '--sort-amount' sort by amount instead of account code/name (in flat mode). With multiple columns, sorts by the row total, or by row average if that is displayed. '--invert' display all amounts with reversed sign '--budget' show performance compared to budget goals defined by periodic transactions '--show-unbudgeted' with -budget, show unbudgeted accounts also The balance command displays accounts and balances. It is hledger's most featureful and versatile command. $ hledger balance $-1 assets $1 bank:saving $-2 cash $2 expenses $1 food $1 supplies $-2 income $-1 gifts $-1 salary $1 liabilities:debts -------------------- 0 More precisely, the balance command shows the _change_ to each account's balance caused by all (matched) postings. In the common case where you do not filter by date and your journal sets the correct opening balances, this is the same as the account's ending balance. By default, accounts are displayed hierarchically, with subaccounts indented below their parent. At each level of the tree, accounts are sorted by account code if any, then by account name. Or with '-S/--sort-amount', by their balance amount. "Boring" accounts, which contain a single interesting subaccount and no balance of their own, are elided into the following line for more compact output. (Not yet supported in tabular reports.) Use '--no-elide' to prevent this. Account balances are "inclusive" - they include the balances of any subaccounts. Accounts which have zero balance (and no non-zero subaccounts) are omitted. Use '-E/--empty' to show them. A final total is displayed by default; use '-N/--no-total' to suppress it: $ hledger balance -p 2008/6 expenses --no-total $2 expenses $1 food $1 supplies * Menu: * Flat mode:: * Depth limited balance reports:: * Multicolumn balance reports:: * Budgets:: * Custom balance output:: * Colour support::  File: hledger.info, Node: Flat mode, Next: Depth limited balance reports, Up: balance 4.4.1 Flat mode --------------- To see a flat list of full account names instead of the default hierarchical display, use '--flat'. In this mode, accounts (unless depth-clipped) show their "exclusive" balance, excluding any subaccount balances. In this mode, you can also use '--drop N' to omit the first few account name components. $ hledger balance -p 2008/6 expenses -N --flat --drop 1 $1 food $1 supplies  File: hledger.info, Node: Depth limited balance reports, Next: Multicolumn balance reports, Prev: Flat mode, Up: balance 4.4.2 Depth limited balance reports ----------------------------------- With '--depth N', balance shows accounts only to the specified depth. This is very useful to show a complex charts of accounts in less detail. In flat mode, balances from accounts below the depth limit will be shown as part of a parent account at the depth limit. $ hledger balance -N --depth 1 $-1 assets $2 expenses $-2 income $1 liabilities  File: hledger.info, Node: Multicolumn balance reports, Next: Budgets, Prev: Depth limited balance reports, Up: balance 4.4.3 Multicolumn balance reports --------------------------------- With a reporting interval, multiple balance columns will be shown, one for each report period. There are three types of multi-column balance report, showing different information: 1. By default: each column shows the sum of postings in that period, ie the account's change of balance in that period. This is useful eg for a monthly income statement: $ hledger balance --quarterly income expenses -E Balance changes in 2008: || 2008q1 2008q2 2008q3 2008q4 ===================++================================= expenses:food || 0 $1 0 0 expenses:supplies || 0 $1 0 0 income:gifts || 0 $-1 0 0 income:salary || $-1 0 0 0 -------------------++--------------------------------- || $-1 $1 0 0 2. With '--cumulative': each column shows the ending balance for that period, accumulating the changes across periods, starting from 0 at the report start date: $ hledger balance --quarterly income expenses -E --cumulative Ending balances (cumulative) in 2008: || 2008/03/31 2008/06/30 2008/09/30 2008/12/31 ===================++================================================= expenses:food || 0 $1 $1 $1 expenses:supplies || 0 $1 $1 $1 income:gifts || 0 $-1 $-1 $-1 income:salary || $-1 $-1 $-1 $-1 -------------------++------------------------------------------------- || $-1 0 0 0 3. With '--historical/-H': each column shows the actual historical ending balance for that period, accumulating the changes across periods, starting from the actual balance at the report start date. This is useful eg for a multi-period balance sheet, and when you are showing only the data after a certain start date: $ hledger balance ^assets ^liabilities --quarterly --historical --begin 2008/4/1 Ending balances (historical) in 2008/04/01-2008/12/31: || 2008/06/30 2008/09/30 2008/12/31 ======================++===================================== assets:bank:checking || $1 $1 0 assets:bank:saving || $1 $1 $1 assets:cash || $-2 $-2 $-2 liabilities:debts || 0 0 $1 ----------------------++------------------------------------- || 0 0 0 Multi-column balance reports display accounts in flat mode by default; to see the hierarchy, use '--tree'. With a reporting interval (like '--quarterly' above), the report start/end dates will be adjusted if necessary so that they encompass the displayed report periods. This is so that the first and last periods will be "full" and comparable to the others. The '-E/--empty' flag does two things in multicolumn balance reports: first, the report will show all columns within the specified report period (without -E, leading and trailing columns with all zeroes are not shown). Second, all accounts which existed at the report start date will be considered, not just the ones with activity during the report period (use -E to include low-activity accounts which would otherwise would be omitted). The '-T/--row-total' flag adds an additional column showing the total for each row. The '-A/--average' flag adds a column showing the average value in each row. Here's an example of all three: $ hledger balance -Q income expenses --tree -ETA Balance changes in 2008: || 2008q1 2008q2 2008q3 2008q4 Total Average ============++=================================================== expenses || 0 $2 0 0 $2 $1 food || 0 $1 0 0 $1 0 supplies || 0 $1 0 0 $1 0 income || $-1 $-1 0 0 $-2 $-1 gifts || 0 $-1 0 0 $-1 0 salary || $-1 0 0 0 $-1 0 ------------++--------------------------------------------------- || $-1 $1 0 0 0 0 # Average is rounded to the dollar here since all journal amounts are  File: hledger.info, Node: Budgets, Next: Custom balance output, Prev: Multicolumn balance reports, Up: balance 4.4.4 Budgets ------------- With '--budget' and a report interval, all periodic transactions in your journal with that interval, active during the requested report period, are interpreted as recurring budget goals for the specified accounts (and subaccounts), and the report will show the difference between actual and budgeted balances. For example, you can take average monthly expenses in the common expense categories to construct a minimal monthly budget: ;; Budget ~ monthly income $2000 expenses:food $400 expenses:bus $50 expenses:movies $30 assets:bank:checking ;; Two months worth of expenses 2017-11-01 income $1950 expenses:food $396 expenses:bus $49 expenses:movies $30 expenses:supplies $20 assets:bank:checking 2017-12-01 income $2100 expenses:food $412 expenses:bus $53 expenses:gifts $100 assets:bank:checking You can now see a monthly budget performance report: $ hledger balance -M --budget Balance changes in 2017/11/01-2017/12/31: || 2017/11 2017/12 =======================++================================================= :expenses || $20 $100 assets:bank:checking || $-2445 [99% of $-2480] $-2665 [107% of $-2480] expenses:bus || $49 [98% of $50] $53 [106% of $50] expenses:food || $396 [99% of $400] $412 [103% of $400] expenses:movies || $30 [100% of $30] 0 [0% of $30] income || $1950 [98% of $2000] $2100 [105% of $2000] -----------------------++------------------------------------------------- || 0 0 You can roll over unspent budgets to next period with '--cumulative': $ hledger balance -M --budget --cumulative Ending balances (cumulative) in 2017/11/01-2017/12/31: || 2017/11/30 2017/12/31 =======================++================================================= :expenses || $20 $120 assets:bank:checking || $-2445 [99% of $-2480] $-5110 [103% of $-4960] expenses:bus || $49 [98% of $50] $102 [102% of $100] expenses:food || $396 [99% of $400] $808 [101% of $800] expenses:movies || $30 [100% of $30] $30 [50% of $60] income || $1950 [98% of $2000] $4050 [101% of $4000] -----------------------++------------------------------------------------- || 0 0 Accounts with no budget goals (not mentioned in the periodic transactions) will be aggregated under '', unless you add the '--show-unbudgeted' flag to display them normally: $ hledger balance --budget --show-unbudgeted Balance changes in 2017/11/01-2017/12/31: || 2017/11 2017/12 ======================++================================================= assets:bank:checking || $-2445 [99% of $-2480] $-2665 [107% of $-2480] expenses:bus || $49 [98% of $50] $53 [106% of $50] expenses:food || $396 [99% of $400] $412 [103% of $400] expenses:gifts || 0 $100 expenses:movies || $30 [100% of $30] 0 [0% of $30] expenses:supplies || $20 0 income || $1950 [98% of $2000] $2100 [105% of $2000] ----------------------++------------------------------------------------- || 0 0 Note -budget first arrived in hledger in 1.5 and is still pretty young; join the discussions on mail list and issue tracker to help us refine it. For more examples, see Budgeting and Forecasting.  File: hledger.info, Node: Custom balance output, Next: Colour support, Prev: Budgets, Up: balance 4.4.5 Custom balance output --------------------------- You can customise the layout of simple (non-tabular) balance reports with '--format FMT': $ hledger balance --format "%20(account) %12(total)" assets $-1 bank:saving $1 cash $-2 expenses $2 food $1 supplies $1 income $-2 gifts $-1 salary $-1 liabilities:debts $1 --------------------------------- 0 The FMT format string (plus a newline) specifies the formatting applied to each account/balance pair. It may contain any suitable text, with data fields interpolated like so: '%[MIN][.MAX](FIELDNAME)' * MIN pads with spaces to at least this width (optional) * MAX truncates at this width (optional) * FIELDNAME must be enclosed in parentheses, and can be one of: * 'depth_spacer' - a number of spaces equal to the account's depth, or if MIN is specified, MIN * depth spaces. * 'account' - the account's name * 'total' - the account's balance/posted total, right justified Also, FMT can begin with an optional prefix to control how multi-commodity amounts are rendered: * '%_' - render on multiple lines, bottom-aligned (the default) * '%^' - render on multiple lines, top-aligned * '%,' - render on one line, comma-separated There are some quirks. Eg in one-line mode, '%(depth_spacer)' has no effect, instead '%(account)' has indentation built in. Experimentation may be needed to get pleasing results. Some example formats: * '%(total)' - the account's total * '%-20.20(account)' - the account's name, left justified, padded to 20 characters and clipped at 20 characters * '%,%-50(account) %25(total)' - account name padded to 50 characters, total padded to 20 characters, with multiple commodities rendered on one line * '%20(total) %2(depth_spacer)%-(account)' - the default format for the single-column balance report This command also supports output destination and output format selection.  File: hledger.info, Node: Colour support, Prev: Custom balance output, Up: balance 4.4.6 Colour support -------------------- The balance command shows negative amounts in red, if: * the 'TERM' environment variable is not set to 'dumb' * the output is not being redirected or piped anywhere  File: hledger.info, Node: balancesheet, Next: balancesheetequity, Prev: balance, Up: COMMANDS 4.5 balancesheet ================ This command displays a simple balance sheet, showing historical ending balances of asset and liability accounts (ignoring any report begin date). It assumes that these accounts are under a top-level 'asset' or 'liability' account (case insensitive, plural forms also allowed). Note this report shows all account balances with normal positive sign (like conventional financial statements, unlike balance/print/register) (experimental). (bs) '--change' show balance change in each period, instead of historical ending balances '--cumulative' show balance change accumulated across periods (in multicolumn reports), instead of historical ending balances '-H --historical' show historical ending balance in each period (includes postings before report start date) (default) '--tree' show accounts as a tree; amounts include subaccounts (default in simple reports) '--flat' show accounts as a list; amounts exclude subaccounts except when account is depth-clipped (default in multicolumn reports) '-A --average' show a row average column (in multicolumn mode) '-T --row-total' show a row total column (in multicolumn mode) '-N --no-total' don't show the final total row '--drop=N' omit N leading account name parts (in flat mode) '--no-elide' don't squash boring parent accounts (in tree mode) '--format=LINEFORMAT' in single-column balance reports: use this custom line format '--sort-amount' sort by amount instead of account code/name Example: $ hledger balancesheet Balance Sheet Assets: $-1 assets $1 bank:saving $-2 cash -------------------- $-1 Liabilities: $1 liabilities:debts -------------------- $1 Total: -------------------- 0 With a reporting interval, multiple columns will be shown, one for each report period. As with multicolumn balance reports, you can alter the report mode with '--change'/'--cumulative'/'--historical'. Normally balancesheet shows historical ending balances, which is what you need for a balance sheet; note this means it ignores report begin dates. This command also supports output destination and output format selection.  File: hledger.info, Node: balancesheetequity, Next: cashflow, Prev: balancesheet, Up: COMMANDS 4.6 balancesheetequity ====================== Just like balancesheet, but also reports Equity (which it assumes is under a top-level 'equity' account). Example: $ hledger balancesheetequity Balance Sheet With Equity Assets: $-2 assets $1 bank:saving $-3 cash -------------------- $-2 Liabilities: $1 liabilities:debts -------------------- $1 Equity: $1 equity:owner -------------------- $1 Total: -------------------- 0  File: hledger.info, Node: cashflow, Next: check-dates, Prev: balancesheetequity, Up: COMMANDS 4.7 cashflow ============ This command displays a simple cashflow statement, showing changes in "cash" accounts. It assumes that these accounts are under a top-level 'asset' account (case insensitive, plural forms also allowed) and do not contain 'receivable' or 'A/R' in their name. Note this report shows all account balances with normal positive sign (like conventional financial statements, unlike balance/print/register) (experimental). (cf) '--change' show balance change in each period (default) '--cumulative' show balance change accumulated across periods (in multicolumn reports), instead of changes during periods '-H --historical' show historical ending balance in each period (includes postings before report start date), instead of changes during each period '--tree' show accounts as a tree; amounts include subaccounts (default in simple reports) '--flat' show accounts as a list; amounts exclude subaccounts except when account is depth-clipped (default in multicolumn reports) '-A --average' show a row average column (in multicolumn mode) '-T --row-total' show a row total column (in multicolumn mode) '-N --no-total' don't show the final total row (in simple reports) '--drop=N' omit N leading account name parts (in flat mode) '--no-elide' don't squash boring parent accounts (in tree mode) '--format=LINEFORMAT' in single-column balance reports: use this custom line format '--sort-amount' sort by amount instead of account code/name Example: $ hledger cashflow Cashflow Statement Cash flows: $-1 assets $1 bank:saving $-2 cash -------------------- $-1 Total: -------------------- $-1 With a reporting interval, multiple columns will be shown, one for each report period. Normally cashflow shows changes in assets per period, though as with multicolumn balance reports you can alter the report mode with '--change'/'--cumulative'/'--historical'. This command also supports output destination and output format selection.  File: hledger.info, Node: check-dates, Next: check-dupes, Prev: cashflow, Up: COMMANDS 4.8 check-dates =============== Check that transactions are sorted by increasing date. With a query, only matched transactions' dates are checked.  File: hledger.info, Node: check-dupes, Next: close, Prev: check-dates, Up: COMMANDS 4.9 check-dupes =============== Report account names having the same leaf but different prefixes. An example: http://stefanorodighiero.net/software/hledger-dupes.html  File: hledger.info, Node: close, Next: help, Prev: check-dupes, Up: COMMANDS 4.10 close ========== Print closing/opening transactions that bring some or all account balances to zero and back. Can be useful for bringing asset/liability balances across file boundaries, or for closing out income/expenses for a period. This was formerly called "equity", as in Ledger, and that alias is also accepted. See close -help for more.  File: hledger.info, Node: help, Next: import, Prev: close, Up: COMMANDS 4.11 help ========= Show any of the hledger manuals. The 'help' command displays any of the main hledger manuals, in one of several ways. Run it with no argument to list the manuals, or provide a full or partial manual name to select one. hledger manuals are available in several formats. hledger help will use the first of these display methods that it finds: info, man, $PAGER, less, stdout (or when non-interactive, just stdout). You can force a particular viewer with the '--info', '--man', '--pager', '--cat' flags. $ hledger help Please choose a manual by typing "hledger help MANUAL" (a substring is ok). Manuals: hledger hledger-ui hledger-web hledger-api journal csv timeclock timedot $ hledger help h --man hledger(1) hledger User Manuals hledger(1) NAME hledger - a command-line accounting tool SYNOPSIS hledger [-f FILE] COMMAND [OPTIONS] [ARGS] hledger [-f FILE] ADDONCMD -- [OPTIONS] [ARGS] hledger DESCRIPTION hledger is a cross-platform program for tracking money, time, or any ...  File: hledger.info, Node: import, Next: incomestatement, Prev: help, Up: COMMANDS 4.12 import =========== Read new transactions added to each FILE since last run, and add them to the main journal file. '--dry-run' just show the transactions to be imported The input files are specified as arguments - no need to write -f before each one. So eg to add new transactions from all CSV files to the main journal, it's just: 'hledger import *.csv' New transactions are detected in the same way as print -new: by assuming transactions are always added to the input files in increasing date order, and by saving '.latest.FILE' state files. The -dry-run output is in journal format, so you can filter it, eg to see only uncategorised transactions: $ hledger import --dry ... | hledger -f- print unknown --ignore-assertions  File: hledger.info, Node: incomestatement, Next: prices, Prev: import, Up: COMMANDS 4.13 incomestatement ==================== This command displays a simple income statement, showing revenues and expenses during a period. It assumes that these accounts are under a top-level 'revenue' or 'income' or 'expense' account (case insensitive, plural forms also allowed). Note this report shows all account balances with normal positive sign (like conventional financial statements, unlike balance/print/register) (experimental). (is) '--change' show balance change in each period (default) '--cumulative' show balance change accumulated across periods (in multicolumn reports), instead of changes during periods '-H --historical' show historical ending balance in each period (includes postings before report start date), instead of changes during each period '--tree' show accounts as a tree; amounts include subaccounts (default in simple reports) '--flat' show accounts as a list; amounts exclude subaccounts except when account is depth-clipped (default in multicolumn reports) '-A --average' show a row average column (in multicolumn mode) '-T --row-total' show a row total column (in multicolumn mode) '-N --no-total' don't show the final total row '--drop=N' omit N leading account name parts (in flat mode) '--no-elide' don't squash boring parent accounts (in tree mode) '--format=LINEFORMAT' in single-column balance reports: use this custom line format '--sort-amount' sort by amount instead of account code/name This command displays a simple income statement. It currently assumes that you have top-level accounts named 'income' (or 'revenue') and 'expense' (plural forms also allowed.) $ hledger incomestatement Income Statement Revenues: $-2 income $-1 gifts $-1 salary -------------------- $-2 Expenses: $2 expenses $1 food $1 supplies -------------------- $2 Total: -------------------- 0 With a reporting interval, multiple columns will be shown, one for each report period. Normally incomestatement shows revenues/expenses per period, though as with multicolumn balance reports you can alter the report mode with '--change'/'--cumulative'/'--historical'. This command also supports output destination and output format selection.  File: hledger.info, Node: prices, Next: print, Prev: incomestatement, Up: COMMANDS 4.14 prices =========== Print all market prices from the journal.  File: hledger.info, Node: print, Next: print-unique, Prev: prices, Up: COMMANDS 4.15 print ========== Show transactions from the journal. Aliases: p, txns. '-m STR --match=STR' show the transaction whose description is most similar to STR, and is most recent '--new' show only newer-dated transactions added in each file since last run '-x --explicit' show all amounts explicitly '-O FMT --output-format=FMT' select the output format. Supported formats: txt, csv. '-o FILE --output-file=FILE' write output to FILE. A file extension matching one of the above formats selects that format. $ hledger print 2008/01/01 income assets:bank:checking $1 income:salary $-1 2008/06/01 gift assets:bank:checking $1 income:gifts $-1 2008/06/02 save assets:bank:saving $1 assets:bank:checking $-1 2008/06/03 * eat & shop expenses:food $1 expenses:supplies $1 assets:cash $-2 2008/12/31 * pay off liabilities:debts $1 assets:bank:checking $-1 The print command displays full journal entries (transactions) from the journal file in date order, tidily formatted. print's output is always a valid hledger journal. It preserves all transaction information, but it does not preserve directives or inter-transaction comments Normally, the journal entry's explicit or implicit amount style is preserved. Ie when an amount is omitted in the journal, it will be omitted in the output. You can use the '-x'/'--explicit' flag to make all amounts explicit, which can be useful for troubleshooting or for making your journal more readable and robust against data entry errors. Note, '-x' will cause postings with a multi-commodity amount (these can arise when a multi-commodity transaction has an implicit amount) will be split into multiple single-commodity postings, for valid journal output. With '-B'/'--cost', amounts with transaction prices are converted to cost using that price. This can be used for troubleshooting. With '-m'/'--match' and a STR argument, print will show at most one transaction: the one one whose description is most similar to STR, and is most recent. STR should contain at least two characters. If there is no similar-enough match, no transaction will be shown. With '--new', for each FILE being read, hledger reads (and writes) a special state file ('.latest.FILE' in the same directory), containing the latest transaction date(s) that were seen last time FILE was read. When this file is found, only transactions with newer dates (and new transactions on the latest date) are printed. This is useful for ignoring already-seen entries in import data, such as downloaded CSV files. Eg: $ hledger -f bank1.csv print --new # shows transactions added since last print --new on this file This assumes that transactions added to FILE always have same or increasing dates, and that transactions on the same day do not get reordered. See also the import command. This command also supports output destination and output format selection. Here's an example of print's CSV output: $ hledger print -Ocsv "txnidx","date","date2","status","code","description","comment","account","amount","commodity","credit","debit","posting-status","posting-comment" "1","2008/01/01","","","","income","","assets:bank:checking","1","$","","1","","" "1","2008/01/01","","","","income","","income:salary","-1","$","1","","","" "2","2008/06/01","","","","gift","","assets:bank:checking","1","$","","1","","" "2","2008/06/01","","","","gift","","income:gifts","-1","$","1","","","" "3","2008/06/02","","","","save","","assets:bank:saving","1","$","","1","","" "3","2008/06/02","","","","save","","assets:bank:checking","-1","$","1","","","" "4","2008/06/03","","*","","eat & shop","","expenses:food","1","$","","1","","" "4","2008/06/03","","*","","eat & shop","","expenses:supplies","1","$","","1","","" "4","2008/06/03","","*","","eat & shop","","assets:cash","-2","$","2","","","" "5","2008/12/31","","*","","pay off","","liabilities:debts","1","$","","1","","" "5","2008/12/31","","*","","pay off","","assets:bank:checking","-1","$","1","","","" * There is one CSV record per posting, with the parent transaction's fields repeated. * The "txnidx" (transaction index) field shows which postings belong to the same transaction. (This number might change if transactions are reordered within the file, files are parsed/included in a different order, etc.) * The amount is separated into "commodity" (the symbol) and "amount" (numeric quantity) fields. * The numeric amount is repeated in either the "credit" or "debit" column, for convenience. (Those names are not accurate in the accounting sense; it just puts negative amounts under credit and zero or greater amounts under debit.)  File: hledger.info, Node: print-unique, Next: register, Prev: print, Up: COMMANDS 4.16 print-unique ================= Print transactions which do not reuse an already-seen description.  File: hledger.info, Node: register, Next: register-match, Prev: print-unique, Up: COMMANDS 4.17 register ============= Show postings and their running total. Aliases: r, reg. '--cumulative' show running total from report start date (default) '-H --historical' show historical running total/balance (includes postings before report start date) '-A --average' show running average of posting amounts instead of total (implies -empty) '-r --related' show postings' siblings instead '-w N --width=N' set output width (default: terminal width or COLUMNS. -wN,M sets description width as well) '-O FMT --output-format=FMT' select the output format. Supported formats: txt, csv. '-o FILE --output-file=FILE' write output to FILE. A file extension matching one of the above formats selects that format. The register command displays postings, one per line, and their running total. This is typically used with a query selecting a particular account, to see that account's activity: $ hledger register checking 2008/01/01 income assets:bank:checking $1 $1 2008/06/01 gift assets:bank:checking $1 $2 2008/06/02 save assets:bank:checking $-1 $1 2008/12/31 pay off assets:bank:checking $-1 0 The '--historical'/'-H' flag adds the balance from any undisplayed prior postings to the running total. This is useful when you want to see only recent activity, with a historically accurate running balance: $ hledger register checking -b 2008/6 --historical 2008/06/01 gift assets:bank:checking $1 $2 2008/06/02 save assets:bank:checking $-1 $1 2008/12/31 pay off assets:bank:checking $-1 0 The '--depth' option limits the amount of sub-account detail displayed. The '--average'/'-A' flag shows the running average posting amount instead of the running total (so, the final number displayed is the average for the whole report period). This flag implies '--empty' (see below). It is affected by '--historical'. It works best when showing just one account and one commodity. The '--related'/'-r' flag shows the _other_ postings in the transactions of the postings which would normally be shown. With a reporting interval, register shows summary postings, one per interval, aggregating the postings to each account: $ hledger register --monthly income 2008/01 income:salary $-1 $-1 2008/06 income:gifts $-1 $-2 Periods with no activity, and summary postings with a zero amount, are not shown by default; use the '--empty'/'-E' flag to see them: $ hledger register --monthly income -E 2008/01 income:salary $-1 $-1 2008/02 0 $-1 2008/03 0 $-1 2008/04 0 $-1 2008/05 0 $-1 2008/06 income:gifts $-1 $-2 2008/07 0 $-2 2008/08 0 $-2 2008/09 0 $-2 2008/10 0 $-2 2008/11 0 $-2 2008/12 0 $-2 Often, you'll want to see just one line per interval. The '--depth' option helps with this, causing subaccounts to be aggregated: $ hledger register --monthly assets --depth 1h 2008/01 assets $1 $1 2008/06 assets $-1 0 2008/12 assets $-1 $-1 Note when using report intervals, if you specify start/end dates these will be adjusted outward if necessary to contain a whole number of intervals. This ensures that the first and last intervals are full length and comparable to the others in the report. * Menu: * Custom register output::  File: hledger.info, Node: Custom register output, Up: register 4.17.1 Custom register output ----------------------------- register uses the full terminal width by default, except on windows. You can override this by setting the 'COLUMNS' environment variable (not a bash shell variable) or by using the '--width'/'-w' option. The description and account columns normally share the space equally (about half of (width - 40) each). You can adjust this by adding a description width as part of -width's argument, comma-separated: '--width W,D' . Here's a diagram: <--------------------------------- width (W) ----------------------------------> date (10) description (D) account (W-41-D) amount (12) balance (12) DDDDDDDDDD dddddddddddddddddddd aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA and some examples: $ hledger reg # use terminal width (or 80 on windows) $ hledger reg -w 100 # use width 100 $ COLUMNS=100 hledger reg # set with one-time environment variable $ export COLUMNS=100; hledger reg # set till session end (or window resize) $ hledger reg -w 100,40 # set overall width 100, description width 40 $ hledger reg -w $COLUMNS,40 # use terminal width, and set description width This command also supports output destination and output format selection.  File: hledger.info, Node: register-match, Next: rewrite, Prev: register, Up: COMMANDS 4.18 register-match =================== Print the one posting whose transaction description is closest to DESC, in the style of the register command. Helps ledger-autosync detect already-seen transactions when importing.  File: hledger.info, Node: rewrite, Next: stats, Prev: register-match, Up: COMMANDS 4.19 rewrite ============ Print all transactions, adding custom postings to the matched ones.  File: hledger.info, Node: stats, Next: tags, Prev: rewrite, Up: COMMANDS 4.20 stats ========== Show some journal statistics. '-o FILE --output-file=FILE' write output to FILE. A file extension matching one of the above formats selects that format. $ hledger stats Main journal file : /src/hledger/examples/sample.journal Included journal files : Transactions span : 2008-01-01 to 2009-01-01 (366 days) Last transaction : 2008-12-31 (2333 days ago) Transactions : 5 (0.0 per day) Transactions last 30 days: 0 (0.0 per day) Transactions last 7 days : 0 (0.0 per day) Payees/descriptions : 5 Accounts : 8 (depth 3) Commodities : 1 ($) The stats command displays summary information for the whole journal, or a matched part of it. With a reporting interval, it shows a report for each report period. This command also supports output destination and output format selection.  File: hledger.info, Node: tags, Next: test, Prev: stats, Up: COMMANDS 4.21 tags ========= List all the tag names used in the journal. With a TAGREGEX argument, only tag names matching the regular expression (case insensitive) are shown. With additional QUERY arguments, only transactions matching the query are considered.  File: hledger.info, Node: test, Prev: tags, Up: COMMANDS 4.22 test ========= Run built-in unit tests. $ hledger test Cases: 74 Tried: 74 Errors: 0 Failures: 0 This command runs hledger's built-in unit tests and displays a quick report. With a regular expression argument, it selects only tests with matching names. It's mainly used in development, but it's also nice to be able to check your hledger executable for smoke at any time.  File: hledger.info, Node: ADD-ON COMMANDS, Prev: COMMANDS, Up: Top 5 ADD-ON COMMANDS ***************** hledger also searches for external add-on commands, and will include these in the commands list. These are programs or scripts in your PATH whose name starts with 'hledger-' and ends with a recognised file extension (currently: no extension, 'bat','com','exe', 'hs','lhs','pl','py','rb','rkt','sh'). Add-ons can be invoked like any hledger command, but there are a few things to be aware of. Eg if the 'hledger-web' add-on is installed, * 'hledger -h web' shows hledger's help, while 'hledger web -h' shows hledger-web's help. * Flags specific to the add-on must have a preceding '--' to hide them from hledger. So 'hledger web --serve --port 9000' will be rejected; you must use 'hledger web -- --serve --port 9000'. * You can always run add-ons directly if preferred: 'hledger-web --serve --port 9000'. Add-ons are a relatively easy way to add local features or experiment with new ideas. They can be written in any language, but haskell scripts have a big advantage: they can use the same hledger (and haskell) library functions that built-in commands do, for command-line options, journal parsing, reporting, etc. Here are some hledger add-ons available: * Menu: * Official add-ons:: * Third party add-ons:: * Experimental add-ons::  File: hledger.info, Node: Official add-ons, Next: Third party add-ons, Up: ADD-ON COMMANDS 5.1 Official add-ons ==================== These are maintained and released along with hledger. * Menu: * api:: * ui:: * web::  File: hledger.info, Node: api, Next: ui, Up: Official add-ons 5.1.1 api --------- hledger-api serves hledger data as a JSON web API.  File: hledger.info, Node: ui, Next: web, Prev: api, Up: Official add-ons 5.1.2 ui -------- hledger-ui provides an efficient curses-style interface.  File: hledger.info, Node: web, Prev: ui, Up: Official add-ons 5.1.3 web --------- hledger-web provides a simple web interface.  File: hledger.info, Node: Third party add-ons, Next: Experimental add-ons, Prev: Official add-ons, Up: ADD-ON COMMANDS 5.2 Third party add-ons ======================= These are maintained separately, and usually updated shortly after a hledger release. * Menu: * diff:: * iadd:: * interest:: * irr::  File: hledger.info, Node: diff, Next: iadd, Up: Third party add-ons 5.2.1 diff ---------- hledger-diff shows differences in an account's transactions between one journal file and another.  File: hledger.info, Node: iadd, Next: interest, Prev: diff, Up: Third party add-ons 5.2.2 iadd ---------- hledger-iadd is a curses-style, more interactive replacement for the add command.  File: hledger.info, Node: interest, Next: irr, Prev: iadd, Up: Third party add-ons 5.2.3 interest -------------- hledger-interest generates interest transactions for an account according to various schemes.  File: hledger.info, Node: irr, Prev: interest, Up: Third party add-ons 5.2.4 irr --------- hledger-irr calculates the internal rate of return of an investment account.  File: hledger.info, Node: Experimental add-ons, Prev: Third party add-ons, Up: ADD-ON COMMANDS 5.3 Experimental add-ons ======================== These are available in source form in the hledger repo's bin/ directory; installing them is pretty easy. They may be less mature and documented than built-in commands. Reading and tweaking these is a good way to start making your own! * Menu: * autosync:: * chart:: * check::  File: hledger.info, Node: autosync, Next: chart, Up: Experimental add-ons 5.3.1 autosync -------------- hledger-autosync is a symbolic link for easily running ledger-autosync, if installed. ledger-autosync does deduplicating conversion of OFX data and some CSV formats, and can also download the data if your bank offers OFX Direct Connect.  File: hledger.info, Node: chart, Next: check, Prev: autosync, Up: Experimental add-ons 5.3.2 chart ----------- hledger-chart.hs is an old pie chart generator, in need of some love.  File: hledger.info, Node: check, Prev: chart, Up: Experimental add-ons 5.3.3 check ----------- hledger-check.hs checks more powerful account balance assertions.  Tag Table: Node: Top68 Node: EXAMPLES1882 Ref: #examples1982 Node: OPTIONS3628 Ref: #options3730 Node: General options4095 Ref: #general-options4220 Node: Command options6819 Ref: #command-options6970 Node: Command arguments7368 Ref: #command-arguments7522 Node: Argument files7643 Ref: #argument-files7794 Node: Special characters8060 Ref: #special-characters8213 Node: Input files9632 Ref: #input-files9768 Node: Smart dates11738 Ref: #smart-dates11879 Node: Report start & end date12858 Ref: #report-start-end-date13028 Node: Report intervals14093 Ref: #report-intervals14256 Node: Period expressions14657 Ref: #period-expressions14817 Node: Depth limiting18774 Ref: #depth-limiting18918 Node: Pivoting19260 Ref: #pivoting19378 Node: Cost21054 Ref: #cost21162 Node: Market value21280 Ref: #market-value21415 Node: Combining -B and -V22598 Ref: #combining--b-and--v22761 Node: Output destination22908 Ref: #output-destination23070 Node: Output format23353 Ref: #output-format23505 Node: Regular expressions23890 Ref: #regular-expressions24027 Node: QUERIES25388 Ref: #queries25490 Node: COMMANDS29457 Ref: #commands29569 Node: accounts30551 Ref: #accounts30649 Node: activity31895 Ref: #activity32005 Node: add32365 Ref: #add32464 Node: balance35125 Ref: #balance35236 Node: Flat mode38740 Ref: #flat-mode38865 Node: Depth limited balance reports39285 Ref: #depth-limited-balance-reports39486 Node: Multicolumn balance reports39906 Ref: #multicolumn-balance-reports40101 Node: Budgets44790 Ref: #budgets44937 Node: Custom balance output48906 Ref: #custom-balance-output49068 Node: Colour support51234 Ref: #colour-support51366 Node: balancesheet51539 Ref: #balancesheet51675 Node: balancesheetequity53986 Ref: #balancesheetequity54135 Node: cashflow54672 Ref: #cashflow54800 Node: check-dates56923 Ref: #check-dates57050 Node: check-dupes57167 Ref: #check-dupes57291 Node: close57428 Ref: #close57535 Node: help57865 Ref: #help57965 Node: import59039 Ref: #import59153 Node: incomestatement59883 Ref: #incomestatement60017 Node: prices62421 Ref: #prices62536 Node: print62579 Ref: #print62689 Node: print-unique67583 Ref: #print-unique67709 Node: register67777 Ref: #register67904 Node: Custom register output72405 Ref: #custom-register-output72534 Node: register-match73764 Ref: #register-match73898 Node: rewrite74081 Ref: #rewrite74198 Node: stats74267 Ref: #stats74370 Node: tags75240 Ref: #tags75338 Node: test75574 Ref: #test75658 Node: ADD-ON COMMANDS76026 Ref: #add-on-commands76136 Node: Official add-ons77423 Ref: #official-add-ons77563 Node: api77650 Ref: #api77739 Node: ui77791 Ref: #ui77890 Node: web77948 Ref: #web78037 Node: Third party add-ons78083 Ref: #third-party-add-ons78258 Node: diff78393 Ref: #diff78490 Node: iadd78589 Ref: #iadd78703 Node: interest78786 Ref: #interest78907 Node: irr79002 Ref: #irr79100 Node: Experimental add-ons79178 Ref: #experimental-add-ons79330 Node: autosync79610 Ref: #autosync79721 Node: chart79960 Ref: #chart80079 Node: check80150 Ref: #check80252  End Tag Table