%format map                     = "\textbf{map}"
We start by defining a datatype for constructing fixed points of unary
type constructors:
%format Mu                      = "\mu "
%format In                      = "\textbf{In}"

> data Mu f                     =  In (f (Mu f))

Ideally, we would like to view the |In| constructor as an isomorphism
of |f (Mu f)| and |Mu f| with the inverse isomorphism given by:
%format out     = "\textbf{out}"

> out                           :: Mu f -> f (Mu f) 
> out (In x)                    =  x

%format (cata (x))              = "\llparenthesis " x "\rrparenthesis "
%format (ana (x))               = "\llbracket " x "\rrbracket "
%format phi                     = "\varphi "
%format psi                     = "\psi "
The general definitions of catamorphisms and anamorphisms denoted by
|cata phi| and |ana psi| respectively, can be expressed directly in
this framework:

> cata                          :: (Functor m) => (m a -> a) -> (Mu m -> a)
> cata phi                      =  phi . map (cata phi) . out
>
> ana                           :: (Functor m) => (a -> m a) -> (a -> Mu m)
> ana psi                       =  In . map (ana  psi) . psi