-- Needed to ensure correctness, because we can't guarantee that rules fire {-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses , OverlappingInstances #-} -- Glasgow extensions needed to enable the # kind {-# OPTIONS_GHC -cpp -fglasgow-exts #-} {-# OPTIONS_GHC -Wall -fwarn-tabs -Werror #-} ---------------------------------------------------------------- -- ~ 2008.08.29 -- | -- Module : Data.Number.Transfinite -- Copyright : Copyright (c) 2007--2008 wren ng thornton -- License : BSD3 -- Maintainer : wren@community.haskell.org -- Stability : beta -- Portability : non-portable (CPP, MPTC, OverlappingInstances) -- -- This module presents a type class for numbers which have -- representations for transfinite values. The idea originated from -- the IEEE-754 floating-point special values, used by -- "Data.Number.LogFloat". However not all 'Fractional' types -- necessarily support transfinite values. In particular, @Ratio@ -- types including 'Rational' do not have portable representations. -- -- For the Glasgow compiler (GHC 6.8.2), "GHC.Real" defines @1%0@ -- and @0%0@ as representations for 'infinity' and 'notANumber', -- but most operations on them will raise exceptions. If 'toRational' -- is used on an infinite floating value, the result is a rational -- with a numerator sufficiently large that it will overflow when -- converted back to a @Double@. If used on NaN, the result would -- buggily convert back as 'negativeInfinity'. For more discussion -- on why this approach is problematic, see: -- -- * -- -- * -- -- Hugs (September 2006) stays closer to the haskell98 spec and -- offers no way of constructing those values, raising arithmetic -- overflow errors if attempted. ---------------------------------------------------------------- module Data.Number.Transfinite ( Transfinite(..) , log , RealToFrac(..) ) where import Prelude hiding (isInfinite, isNaN, log, realToFrac) import qualified Prelude (isInfinite, isNaN, log, realToFrac) import Data.Number.PartialOrd #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ import GHC.Prim ( int2Double# , int2Float# , double2Float# , float2Double# ) import GHC.Exts (Int(..), Float(..), Double(..)) #endif ---------------------------------------------------------------- -- | Many numbers are not 'Bounded' yet, even though they can -- represent arbitrarily large values, they are not necessarily -- able to represent transfinite values such as infinity itself. -- This class is for types which are capable of representing such -- values. Notably, this class does not require the type to be -- 'Fractional' nor 'Floating' since integral types could also have -- representations for transfinite values. By popular demand the -- 'Num' restriction has been lifted as well, due to complications -- of defining 'Show' or 'Eq' for some types. -- -- In particular, this class extends the ordered projection to have -- a maximum value 'infinity' and a minimum value 'negativeInfinity', -- as well as an exceptional value 'notANumber'. All the natural -- laws regarding @infinity@ and @negativeInfinity@ should pertain. -- (Some of these are discussed below.) class (PartialOrd a) => Transfinite a where -- | A transfinite value which is greater than all finite values. -- Adding or subtracting any finite value is a no-op. As is -- multiplying by any non-zero positive value (including -- @infinity@), and dividing by any positive finite value. Also -- obeys the law @negate infinity = negativeInfinity@ with all -- appropriate ramifications. infinity :: a -- | A transfinite value which is less than all finite values. -- Obeys all the same laws as @infinity@ with the appropriate -- changes for the sign difference. negativeInfinity :: a -- | An exceptional transfinite value for dealing with undefined -- results when manipulating infinite values. The following -- operations must return @notANumber@, where @inf@ is any value -- which @isInfinite@: -- -- * @inf + inf@ -- -- * @inf - inf@ -- -- * @inf * 0@ -- -- * @0 * inf@ -- -- * @inf \/ inf@ -- -- * @inf `div` inf@ -- -- * @0 \/ 0@ -- -- * @0 `div` 0@ -- -- Additionally, any mathematical operations on @notANumber@ -- must also return @notANumber@, and any equality or ordering -- comparison on @notANumber@ must return @False@. Since it -- returns false for equality, there may be more than one machine -- representation of this `value'. notANumber :: a -- | Return true for both @infinity@ and @negativeInfinity@, -- false for all other values. isInfinite :: a -> Bool -- | Return true only for @notANumber@. isNaN :: a -> Bool instance Transfinite Double where infinity = 1/0 negativeInfinity = negate (1/0) notANumber = 0/0 isInfinite = Prelude.isInfinite isNaN = Prelude.isNaN instance Transfinite Float where infinity = 1/0 negativeInfinity = negate (1/0) notANumber = 0/0 isInfinite = Prelude.isInfinite isNaN = Prelude.isNaN ---------------------------------------------------------------- -- | Since the normal 'Prelude.log' throws an error on zero, we -- have to redefine it in order for things to work right. Arguing -- from limits we can see that @log 0 == negativeInfinity@. Newer -- versions of GHC have this behavior already, but older versions -- and Hugs do not. -- -- This function will raise an error when taking the log of negative -- numbers, rather than returning 'notANumber' as the newer GHC -- implementation does. The reason being that typically this is a -- logical error, and @notANumber@ allows the error to propegate -- silently. -- -- In order to improve portability, the 'Transfinite' class is -- required to indicate that the 'Floating' type does in fact have -- a representation for negative infinity. Both native floating -- types ('Double' and 'Float') are supported. If you define your -- own instance of @Transfinite@, verify the above equation holds -- for your @0@ and @negativeInfinity@. If it doesn't, then you -- should avoid importing our @log@ and will probably want converters -- to handle the discrepancy. {-# SPECIALIZE log :: Double -> Double #-} {-# SPECIALIZE log :: Float -> Float #-} log :: (Floating a, Transfinite a) => a -> a log x = case x `cmp` 0 of Just GT -> Prelude.log x Just EQ -> negativeInfinity Just LT -> err "argument out of range" Nothing -> err "argument not comparable to 0" where err e = error $! "Data.Number.Transfinite.log: "++e -- Note, Floating ultimately requires Num, but not Ord. If PartialOrd -- proves to be an onerous requirement on Transfinite, we could -- hack our way around without using PartialOrd by using isNaN, (== -- 0), ((>0).signum) but that would be less efficient. ---------------------------------------------------------------- -- | The 'Prelude.realToFrac' function is defined to pivot through -- a 'Rational' according to the haskell98 spec. This is non-portable -- and problematic as discussed above. Since there is some resistance -- to breaking from the spec, this class defines a reasonable variant -- which deals with transfinite values appropriately. -- -- N.B. The generic instance for transfinite types uses expensive -- checks to ensure correctness. On GHC there are specialized -- versions which use primitive converters instead. These instances -- are hidden from other compilers by the CPP. Be warned that the -- instances are overlapped, so you'll need to give type signatures -- if the arguments to 'realToFrac' are polymorphic. -- -- If any of these restrictions (CPP, GHC-only, OverlappingInstances) -- are onerous to you, contact the maintainer (we like patches :) class (Real a, Fractional b) => RealToFrac a b where realToFrac :: a -> b instance (Real a, Fractional a) => RealToFrac a a where realToFrac = id instance (Real a, Transfinite a, Fractional b, Transfinite b) => RealToFrac a b where realToFrac x | isNaN x = notANumber | isInfinite x = if x > 0 then infinity else negativeInfinity | otherwise = Prelude.realToFrac x #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ instance RealToFrac Int Float where {-# INLINE realToFrac #-} realToFrac (I# i) = F# (int2Float# i) instance RealToFrac Int Double where {-# INLINE realToFrac #-} realToFrac (I# i) = D# (int2Double# i) instance RealToFrac Integer Float where -- TODO: is there a more primitive way? realToFrac j = Prelude.realToFrac j instance RealToFrac Integer Double where -- TODO: is there a more primitive way? realToFrac j = Prelude.realToFrac j instance RealToFrac Float Double where {-# INLINE realToFrac #-} realToFrac (F# f) = D# (float2Double# f) instance RealToFrac Double Float where {-# INLINE realToFrac #-} realToFrac (D# d) = F# (double2Float# d) #endif ---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- fin.