----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- | -- Module : Generics.Pointless.RecursionPatterns -- Copyright : (c) 2008 University of Minho -- License : BSD3 -- -- Maintainer : hpacheco@di.uminho.pt -- Stability : experimental -- Portability : non-portable -- -- Pointless Haskell: -- point-free programming with recursion patterns as hylomorphisms -- -- This module defines recursion patterns as hylomorphisms. -- -- Recursion patterns can be seen as high-order functions that encapsulate typical forms of recursion. -- The hylomorphism recursion pattern was first defined in , -- along with its relation with derived more specific recursion patterns such as catamorphisms, anamorphisms and paramorphisms. -- -- The seminal paper that introduced point-free programming and defined many of the laws for catamorphisms and anamorphisms -- can be found in . -- -- More complex and exotic recursion patterns have been discovered later, such as accumulations, apomorphisms, zygomorphisms, -- histomorphisms, futumorphisms, dynamorphisms or chronomorphisms. -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- module Generics.Pointless.RecursionPatterns where import Generics.Pointless.Combinators import Generics.Pointless.Functors import Control.Monad.Instances hiding (Functor(..)) import Prelude hiding (Functor(..)) -- | Definition of an hylomorphism hylo :: Functor (PF b) => Ann b -> (F b c -> c) -> (a -> F b a) -> a -> c hylo b g h = g . pmap b (hylo b g h) . h -- | Definition of a catamorphism as an hylomorphism. -- -- Catamorphisms model the fundamental pattern of iteration, where constructors for recursive datatypes are repeatedly consumed by arbitrary functions. -- They are usually called folds. cata :: (Mu a,Functor (PF a)) => Ann a -> (F a b -> b) -> a -> b cata a f = hylo a f out -- | Recursive definition of a catamorphism. cataRec :: (Mu a,Functor (PF a)) => Ann a -> (F a b -> b) -> a -> b cataRec a f = f . pmap a (cataRec a f) . out -- | Definition of an anamorphism as an hylomorphism. -- -- Anamorphisms resembles the dual of iteration and, hence, define the inverse of catamorphisms. -- Instead of consuming recursive types, they produce values of those types. ana :: (Mu b,Functor (PF b)) => Ann b -> (a -> F b a) -> a -> b ana b = hylo b inn -- | Recursive definition of an anamorphism. anaRec :: (Mu b,Functor (PF b)) => Ann b -> (a -> F b a) -> a -> b anaRec b f = inn . pmap b (anaRec b f) . f -- | The functor of the intermediate type of a paramorphism is the functor of the consumed type 'a' -- extended with an extra annotation to itself in recursive definitions. type Para a = a :@!: (I :*!: K a) -- | Definition of a paramorphism. -- -- Paramorphisms supply the gene of a catamorphism with a recursively computed copy of the input. -- -- The first introduction to paramorphisms is reported in . para :: (Mu a,Functor (PF a)) => Ann a -> (F a (b,a) -> b) -> a -> b para (a::Ann a) f = hylo (ann :: Ann (Para a)) f (pmap a (idA /\ idA) . out) where idA :: a -> a idA = id -- | Recursive definition of a paramorphism. paraRec :: (Mu a,Functor (PF a)) => Ann a -> (F a (b,a) -> b) -> a -> b paraRec (a::Ann a) f = f . pmap a (paraRec a f >< idA) . pmap a (idA /\ idA) . out where idA :: a -> a idA = id -- | The functor of the intermediate type of an apomorphism is the functor of the generated type 'b' -- with an alternative annotation to itself in recursive definitions. type Apo b = b :@!: (I :+!: K b) -- | Definition of an apomorphism as an hylomorphism. -- -- Apomorphisms are the dual recursion patterns of paramorphisms, and therefore they can express functions defined by primitive corecursion. -- -- They were introduced independently in and /Program Construction and Generation Based on Recursive Types, MSc thesis/. apo :: (Mu b,Functor (PF b)) => Ann b -> (a -> F b (Either a b)) -> a -> b apo (b::Ann b) f = hylo (ann :: Ann (Apo b)) (inn . pmap b (idB \/ idB)) f where idB :: b -> b idB = id -- | Recursive definition of an apomorphism. apoRec :: (Mu b,Functor (PF b)) => Ann b -> (a -> F b (Either a b)) -> a -> b apoRec (b::Ann b) f = inn . pmap b (idB \/ idB) . pmap b (apoRec b f -|- idB) . f where idB :: b -> b idB = id -- | In zygomorphisms we extend the recursive occurences in the base functor functor of type 'a' with an extra annotation 'b'. type Zygo a b = a :@!: (I :*!: K b) -- | Definition of a zygomorphism as an hylomorphism. -- -- Zygomorphisms were introduced in . -- -- They can be seen as the asymmetric form of mutual iteration, where both a data consumer and an auxiliary function are defined (). zygo :: (Mu a, Functor (PF a),F a (a,b) ~ F (Zygo a b) a) => Ann a -> (F a b -> b) -> (F (Zygo a b) b -> b) -> a -> b zygo a g f = aux a (ann :: Ann b) g f where aux :: (Mu a,Functor (PF a),F a (a,b) ~ F (Zygo a b) a) => Ann a -> Ann b -> (F a b -> b) -> (F (Zygo a b) b -> b) -> a -> b aux (a::Ann a) (b::Ann b) g f = hylo (ann :: Ann (Zygo a b)) f (pmap a (id /\ cata a g) . out) -- | In accumulations we add an extra annotation 'b' to the base functor of type 'a'. type Accum a b = a :*!: K b -- | Definition of an accumulation as an hylomorphism. -- -- Accumulations are binary functions that use the second parameter to store intermediate results. -- -- The so called "accumulation technique" is tipically used in functional programming to derive efficient implementations of some recursive functions. accum :: (Mu a,Functor (PF a)) => Ann a -> (F (Accum a b) c -> c) -> ((F a a,b) -> F a (a,b)) -> (a,b) -> c accum (a::Ann a) f g = hylo (ann :: Ann (Accum a b)) f ((g /\ snd) . (out >< id)) -- | In histomorphisms we add an extra annotation 'c' to the base functor of type 'a'. type Histo a c = K c :*!: a -- | Definition of an histomorphism as an hylomorphism (as long as the catamorphism is defined as an hylomorphism). -- -- Histomorphisms () capture the powerfull schemes of course-of-value iteration, and differ from catamorphisms for being able to apply the gene function at a deeper depth of recursion. -- In other words, they allow to reuse sub-sub constructor results. histo :: (Mu a,Functor (PF a)) => Ann a -> (F a (Histo a c) -> c) -> a -> c histo (a::Ann a) g = fst . outH . cata a (inn . (g /\ id)) where outH :: Histo a c -> F (Histo a c) (Histo a c) outH = out -- | The combinator 'outl' unpacks the functor of an histomorphism and selects the annotation. outl :: Histo a c -> c outl = fst . out -- | The combinator 'outr' unpacks the functor of an histomorphism and discards the annotation. outr :: Histo a c -> F a (Histo a c) outr = snd . out -- | In futumorphisms we add an alternative annotation 'c' to the base functor of type 'b'. type Futu b c = K c :+!: b -- | Definition of a futumorphism as an hylomorphism (as long as the anamorphism is defined as an hylomorphism). -- -- Futumorphisms are the dual of histomorphisms and are proposed as 'cocourse-of-argument' coiterators by their creators (). -- -- In the same fashion as histomorphisms, it allows to seed the gene with multiple levels of depth instead of having to do 'all at once' with an anamorphism. futu :: (Mu b,Functor (PF b)) => Ann b -> (a -> F b (Futu b a)) -> a -> b futu (b::Ann b) g = ana b ((g \/ id) . out) . innF . inl where innF :: F (Futu b a) (Futu b a) -> Futu b a innF = inn -- | The combinator 'innl' packs the functor of a futumorphism from the base functor. innl :: c -> Futu b c innl = inn . inl -- | The combinator 'innr' packs the functor of an futumorphism from an annotation. innr :: F b (Futu b c) -> Futu b c innr = inn . inr -- | Definition of a dynamorphism as an hylomorphisms. -- -- Dynamorphisms () are a more general form of histomorphisms for capturing dynaming programming constructions. -- -- Instead of following the recursion pattern of the input via structural recursion (as in histomorphisms), -- dynamorphisms allow us to reuse the annotated structure in a bottom-up approach and avoiding rebuilding -- it every time an annotation is needed, what provides a more efficient dynamic algorithm. dyna :: (Mu b, Functor (PF b)) => Ann b -> (F b (Histo b c) -> c) -> (a -> F b a) -> a -> c dyna (b::Ann b) g h = fst . outH . hylo b (inn . (g /\ id)) h where outH :: Histo b c -> F (Histo b c) (Histo b c) outH = out -- | Definition of a chronomorphism as an hylomorphism. -- -- This recursion pattern subsumes histomorphisms, futumorphisms and dynamorphisms -- and can be seen as the natural hylomorphism generalization from composing an histomorphism after a futumorphism. -- Therefore, chronomorphisms can 'look back' when consuming a type and 'jump forward' when generating one, via it's fold/unfold operations, respectively. -- -- The notion of chronomorphism is a recent recursion pattern (at least known as such). -- The first and single reference available is . chrono :: (Mu c,Functor (PF c)) => Ann c -> (F c (Histo c b) -> b) -> (a -> F c (Futu c a)) -> a -> b chrono (c::Ann c) g h = fst . outH . hylo c (inn . (g /\ id)) ((h \/ id) . out) . innF . inl where outH :: Histo c b -> F (Histo c b) (Histo c b) outH = out innF :: F (Futu c a) (Futu c a) -> (Futu c a) innF = inn -- | The Fixpoint combinator as an hylomorphism. -- -- 'fix' is a fixpoint combinator if @'fix' = 'app' '.' ('id' '/\' 'fix')@. -- -- After expanding the definitions of '.', '/\' and 'app' we see that this corresponds to the expected pointwise equation @'fix' f = f ('fix' f)@. fix :: (a -> a) -> a fix = hylo (ann :: Ann (K (a -> a) :*!: I)) app (id /\ id) -- | The combinator for isomorphic type transformations. -- -- It can translate between types that share the same functor. nu d = (inn . pmap d nu . out) d