----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- | -- Module : Data.SBV.BitVectors.AlgReals -- Copyright : (c) Levent Erkok -- License : BSD3 -- Maintainer : erkokl@gmail.com -- Stability : experimental -- -- Algrebraic reals in Haskell. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- {-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances #-} {-# LANGUAGE TypeSynonymInstances #-} {-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-warn-orphans #-} module Data.SBV.BitVectors.AlgReals (AlgReal(..), mkPolyReal, algRealToSMTLib2, algRealToHaskell, mergeAlgReals, isExactRational, algRealStructuralEqual, algRealStructuralCompare) where import Data.List (sortBy, isPrefixOf, partition) import Data.Ratio ((%), numerator, denominator) import Data.Function (on) import System.Random import Test.QuickCheck (Arbitrary(..)) -- | Algebraic reals. Note that the representation is left abstract. We represent -- rational results explicitly, while the roots-of-polynomials are represented -- implicitly by their defining equation data AlgReal = AlgRational Bool Rational -- bool says it's exact (i.e., SMT-solver did not return it with ? at the end.) | AlgPolyRoot (Integer, Polynomial) -- which root (Maybe String) -- approximate decimal representation with given precision, if available -- | Check wheter a given argument is an exact rational isExactRational :: AlgReal -> Bool isExactRational (AlgRational True _) = True isExactRational _ = False -- | A univariate polynomial, represented simply as a -- coefficient list. For instance, "5x^3 + 2x - 5" is -- represented as [(5, 3), (2, 1), (-5, 0)] newtype Polynomial = Polynomial [(Integer, Integer)] deriving (Eq, Ord) -- | Construct a poly-root real with a given approximate value (either as a decimal, or polynomial-root) mkPolyReal :: Either (Bool, String) (Integer, [(Integer, Integer)]) -> AlgReal mkPolyReal (Left (exact, str)) = case (str, break (== '.') str) of ("", (_, _)) -> AlgRational exact 0 (_, (x, '.':y)) -> AlgRational exact (read (x++y) % (10 ^ length y)) (_, (x, _)) -> AlgRational exact (read x % 1) mkPolyReal (Right (k, coeffs)) = AlgPolyRoot (k, Polynomial (normalize coeffs)) Nothing where normalize :: [(Integer, Integer)] -> [(Integer, Integer)] normalize = merge . reverse . sortBy (compare `on` snd) merge [] = [] merge [x] = [x] merge ((a, b):r@((c, d):xs)) | b == d = merge ((a+c, b):xs) | True = (a, b) : merge r instance Show Polynomial where show (Polynomial xs) = chkEmpty (join (concat [term p | p@(_, x) <- xs, x /= 0])) ++ " = " ++ show c where c = -1 * head ([k | (k, 0) <- xs] ++ [0]) term ( 0, _) = [] term ( 1, 1) = [ "x"] term ( 1, p) = [ "x^" ++ show p] term (-1, 1) = ["-x"] term (-1, p) = ["-x^" ++ show p] term (k, 1) = [show k ++ "x"] term (k, p) = [show k ++ "x^" ++ show p] join [] = "" join (k:ks) = k ++ s ++ join ks where s = case ks of [] -> "" (y:_) | "-" `isPrefixOf` y -> "" | "+" `isPrefixOf` y -> "" | True -> "+" chkEmpty s = if null s then "0" else s instance Show AlgReal where show (AlgRational exact a) = showRat exact a show (AlgPolyRoot (i, p) mbApprox) = "root(" ++ show i ++ ", " ++ show p ++ ")" ++ maybe "" app mbApprox where app v | last v == '?' = " = " ++ init v ++ "..." | True = " = " ++ v -- lift unary op through an exact rational, otherwise bail lift1 :: String -> (Rational -> Rational) -> AlgReal -> AlgReal lift1 _ o (AlgRational e a) = AlgRational e (o a) lift1 nm _ a = error $ "AlgReal." ++ nm ++ ": unsupported argument: " ++ show a -- lift binary op through exact rationals, otherwise bail lift2 :: String -> (Rational -> Rational -> Rational) -> AlgReal -> AlgReal -> AlgReal lift2 _ o (AlgRational True a) (AlgRational True b) = AlgRational True (a `o` b) lift2 nm _ a b = error $ "AlgReal." ++ nm ++ ": unsupported arguments: " ++ show (a, b) -- The idea in the instances below is that we will fully support operations -- on "AlgRational" AlgReals, but leave everything else undefined. When we are -- on the Haskell side, the AlgReal's are *not* reachable. They only represent -- return values from SMT solvers, which we should *not* need to manipulate. instance Eq AlgReal where AlgRational True a == AlgRational True b = a == b a == b = error $ "AlgReal.==: unsupported arguments: " ++ show (a, b) instance Ord AlgReal where AlgRational True a `compare` AlgRational True b = a `compare` b a `compare` b = error $ "AlgReal.compare: unsupported arguments: " ++ show (a, b) -- Structural equality and ord for AlgReal; used when constants are Map keys algRealStructuralEqual :: AlgReal -> AlgReal -> Bool AlgRational a b `algRealStructuralEqual` AlgRational c d = (a, b) == (c, d) AlgPolyRoot a b `algRealStructuralEqual` AlgPolyRoot c d = (a, b) == (c, d) _ `algRealStructuralEqual` _ = False algRealStructuralCompare :: AlgReal -> AlgReal -> Ordering AlgRational a b `algRealStructuralCompare` AlgRational c d = (a, b) `compare` (c, d) AlgRational _ _ `algRealStructuralCompare` AlgPolyRoot _ _ = LT AlgPolyRoot _ _ `algRealStructuralCompare` AlgRational _ _ = GT AlgPolyRoot a b `algRealStructuralCompare` AlgPolyRoot c d = (a, b) `compare` (c, d) instance Num AlgReal where (+) = lift2 "+" (+) (*) = lift2 "*" (*) (-) = lift2 "-" (-) negate = lift1 "negate" negate abs = lift1 "abs" abs signum = lift1 "signum" signum fromInteger = AlgRational True . fromInteger instance Fractional AlgReal where (/) = lift2 "/" (/) fromRational = AlgRational True instance Random Rational where random g = let (a, g') = random g (b, g'') = random g' in (a % b, g'') -- this may not be quite kosher, but will do for our purposes (test-generation, mainly) randomR (l, h) g = let (ln, ld) = (numerator l, denominator l) (hn, hd) = (numerator h, denominator h) (a, g') = randomR (ln*hd, hn*ld) g in (a % (ld * hd), g') instance Random AlgReal where random g = let (a, g') = random g in (AlgRational True a, g') randomR (AlgRational True l, AlgRational True h) g = let (a, g') = randomR (l, h) g in (AlgRational True a, g') randomR lh _ = error $ "AlgReal.randomR: unsupported bounds: " ++ show lh -- | Render an 'AlgReal' as an SMTLib2 value. Only supports rationals for the time being. algRealToSMTLib2 :: AlgReal -> String algRealToSMTLib2 (AlgRational True r) | m == 0 = "0.0" | m < 0 = "(- (/ " ++ show (abs m) ++ ".0 " ++ show n ++ ".0))" | True = "(/ " ++ show m ++ ".0 " ++ show n ++ ".0)" where (m, n) = (numerator r, denominator r) algRealToSMTLib2 r@(AlgRational False _) = error $ "SBV: Unexpected inexact rational to be converted to SMTLib2: " ++ show r algRealToSMTLib2 (AlgPolyRoot (i, Polynomial xs) _) = "(root-obj (+ " ++ unwords (concatMap term xs) ++ ") " ++ show i ++ ")" where term (0, _) = [] term (k, 0) = [coeff k] term (1, 1) = ["x"] term (1, p) = ["(^ x " ++ show p ++ ")"] term (k, 1) = ["(* " ++ coeff k ++ " x)"] term (k, p) = ["(* " ++ coeff k ++ " (^ x " ++ show p ++ "))"] coeff n | n < 0 = "(- " ++ show (abs n) ++ ")" | True = show n -- | Render an 'AlgReal' as a Haskell value. Only supports rationals, since there is no corresponding -- standard Haskell type that can represent root-of-polynomial variety. algRealToHaskell :: AlgReal -> String algRealToHaskell (AlgRational True r) = "((" ++ show r ++ ") :: Rational)" algRealToHaskell r = error $ "SBV.algRealToHaskell: Unsupported argument: " ++ show r -- Try to show a rational precisely if we can, with finite number of -- digits. Otherwise, show it as a rational value. showRat :: Bool -> Rational -> String showRat exact r = p $ case f25 (denominator r) [] of Nothing -> show r -- bail out, not precisely representable with finite digits Just (noOfZeros, num) -> let present = length num in neg $ case noOfZeros `compare` present of LT -> let (b, a) = splitAt (present - noOfZeros) num in b ++ "." ++ if null a then "0" else a EQ -> "0." ++ num GT -> "0." ++ replicate (noOfZeros - present) '0' ++ num where p = if exact then id else (++ "...") neg = if r < 0 then ('-':) else id -- factor a number in 2's and 5's if possible -- If so, it'll return the number of digits after the zero -- to reach the next power of 10, and the numerator value scaled -- appropriately and shown as a string f25 :: Integer -> [Integer] -> Maybe (Int, String) f25 1 sofar = let (ts, fs) = partition (== 2) sofar [lts, lfs] = map length [ts, fs] noOfZeros = lts `max` lfs in Just (noOfZeros, show (abs (numerator r) * factor ts fs)) f25 v sofar = let (q2, r2) = v `quotRem` 2 (q5, r5) = v `quotRem` 5 in case (r2, r5) of (0, _) -> f25 q2 (2 : sofar) (_, 0) -> f25 q5 (5 : sofar) _ -> Nothing -- compute the next power of 10 we need to get to factor [] fs = product [2 | _ <- fs] factor ts [] = product [5 | _ <- ts] factor (_:ts) (_:fs) = factor ts fs -- | Merge the representation of two algebraic reals, one assumed to be -- in polynomial form, the other in decimal. Arguments can be the same -- kind, so long as they are both rationals and equivalent; if not there -- must be one that is precise. It's an error to pass anything -- else to this function! (Used in reconstructing SMT counter-example values with reals). mergeAlgReals :: String -> AlgReal -> AlgReal -> AlgReal mergeAlgReals _ f@(AlgRational exact r) (AlgPolyRoot kp Nothing) | exact = f | True = AlgPolyRoot kp (Just (showRat False r)) mergeAlgReals _ (AlgPolyRoot kp Nothing) f@(AlgRational exact r) | exact = f | True = AlgPolyRoot kp (Just (showRat False r)) mergeAlgReals _ f@(AlgRational e1 r1) s@(AlgRational e2 r2) | (e1, r1) == (e2, r2) = f | e1 = f | e2 = s mergeAlgReals m _ _ = error m -- Quickcheck instance instance Arbitrary AlgReal where arbitrary = AlgRational True `fmap` arbitrary