text-2.0.1: An efficient packed Unicode text type.
Copyright(c) 2009 2010 2011 2012 Bryan O'Sullivan
(c) 2009 Duncan Coutts
(c) 2008 2009 Tom Harper
(c) 2021 Andrew Lelechenko
LicenseBSD-style
Maintainerbos@serpentine.com
PortabilityGHC
Safe HaskellTrustworthy
LanguageHaskell2010

Data.Text

Description

A time and space-efficient implementation of Unicode text. Suitable for performance critical use, both in terms of large data quantities and high speed.

Note: Read below the synopsis for important notes on the use of this module.

This module is intended to be imported qualified, to avoid name clashes with Prelude functions, e.g.

import qualified Data.Text as T

To use an extended and very rich family of functions for working with Unicode text (including normalization, regular expressions, non-standard encodings, text breaking, and locales), see the text-icu package.

Synopsis

Strict vs lazy types

This package provides both strict and lazy Text types. The strict type is provided by the Data.Text module, while the lazy type is provided by the Data.Text.Lazy module. Internally, the lazy Text type consists of a list of strict chunks.

The strict Text type requires that an entire string fit into memory at once. The lazy Text type is capable of streaming strings that are larger than memory using a small memory footprint. In many cases, the overhead of chunked streaming makes the lazy Text type slower than its strict counterpart, but this is not always the case. Sometimes, the time complexity of a function in one module may be different from the other, due to their differing internal structures.

Each module provides an almost identical API, with the main difference being that the strict module uses Int values for lengths and counts, while the lazy module uses Int64 lengths.

Acceptable data

A Text value is a sequence of Unicode scalar values, as defined in §3.9, definition D76 of the Unicode 5.2 standard. As such, a Text cannot contain values in the range U+D800 to U+DFFF inclusive. Haskell implementations admit all Unicode code points (§3.4, definition D10) as Char values, including code points from this invalid range. This means that there are some Char values (corresponding to Surrogate category) that are not valid Unicode scalar values, and the functions in this module must handle those cases.

Within this module, many functions construct a Text from one or more Char values. Those functions will substitute Char values that are not valid Unicode scalar values with the replacement character "�" (U+FFFD). Functions that perform this inspection and replacement are documented with the phrase "Performs replacement on invalid scalar values". The functions replace invalid scalar values, instead of dropping them, as a security measure. For details, see Unicode Technical Report 36, §3.5.)

Definition of character

This package uses the term character to denote Unicode code points.

Note that this is not the same thing as a grapheme (e.g. a composition of code points that form one visual symbol). For instance, consider the grapheme "ä". This symbol has two Unicode representations: a single code-point representation U+00E4 (the LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS code point), and a two code point representation U+0061 (the "A" code point) and U+0308 (the COMBINING DIAERESIS code point).

Fusion

Starting from text-1.3 fusion is no longer implicit, and pipelines of transformations usually allocate intermediate Text values. Users, who observe significant changes to performances, are encouraged to use fusion framework explicitly, employing Data.Text.Internal.Fusion and Data.Text.Internal.Fusion.Common.

Types

data Text Source #

A space efficient, packed, unboxed Unicode text type.

Instances

Instances details
IsList Text Source #

Performs replacement on invalid scalar values:

>>> :set -XOverloadedLists
>>> ['\55555'] :: Text
"\65533"

Since: 1.2.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

Associated Types

type Item Text #

Methods

fromList :: [Item Text] -> Text #

fromListN :: Int -> [Item Text] -> Text #

toList :: Text -> [Item Text] #

Eq Text Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

Methods

(==) :: Text -> Text -> Bool #

(/=) :: Text -> Text -> Bool #

Data Text Source #

This instance preserves data abstraction at the cost of inefficiency. We omit reflection services for the sake of data abstraction.

This instance was created by copying the updated behavior of Data.Set.Set and Data.Map.Map. If you feel a mistake has been made, please feel free to submit improvements.

The original discussion is archived here: could we get a Data instance for Data.Text.Text?

The followup discussion that changed the behavior of Set and Map is archived here: Proposal: Allow gunfold for Data.Map, ...

Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

Methods

gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Text -> c Text #

gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c Text #

toConstr :: Text -> Constr #

dataTypeOf :: Text -> DataType #

dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c Text) #

dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c Text) #

gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Text -> Text #

gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Text -> r #

gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Text -> r #

gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Text -> [u] #

gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Text -> u #

gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Text -> m Text #

gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Text -> m Text #

gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Text -> m Text #

Ord Text Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

Methods

compare :: Text -> Text -> Ordering #

(<) :: Text -> Text -> Bool #

(<=) :: Text -> Text -> Bool #

(>) :: Text -> Text -> Bool #

(>=) :: Text -> Text -> Bool #

max :: Text -> Text -> Text #

min :: Text -> Text -> Text #

Read Text Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

Show Text Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Text.Show

Methods

showsPrec :: Int -> Text -> ShowS #

show :: Text -> String #

showList :: [Text] -> ShowS #

IsString Text Source #

Performs replacement on invalid scalar values:

>>> :set -XOverloadedStrings
>>> "\55555" :: Text
"\65533"
Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

Methods

fromString :: String -> Text #

Semigroup Text Source #

Since: 1.2.2.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

Methods

(<>) :: Text -> Text -> Text #

sconcat :: NonEmpty Text -> Text #

stimes :: Integral b => b -> Text -> Text #

Monoid Text Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

Methods

mempty :: Text #

mappend :: Text -> Text -> Text #

mconcat :: [Text] -> Text #

PrintfArg Text Source #

Since: 1.2.2.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

Binary Text Source #

Since: 1.2.1.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

Methods

put :: Text -> Put #

get :: Get Text #

putList :: [Text] -> Put #

NFData Text Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

Methods

rnf :: Text -> () #

Lift Text Source #

Since: 1.2.4.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

Methods

lift :: Text -> Q Exp #

liftTyped :: Text -> Q (TExp Text) #

type Item Text Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

type Item Text = Char

Creation and elimination

pack :: String -> Text Source #

O(n) Convert a String into a Text. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values, so unpack . pack is not id:

>>> unpack (pack "\55555")
"\65533"

unpack :: Text -> String Source #

O(n) Convert a Text into a String.

singleton :: Char -> Text Source #

O(1) Convert a character into a Text. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

empty :: Text Source #

O(1) The empty Text.

Basic interface

cons :: Char -> Text -> Text infixr 5 Source #

O(n) Adds a character to the front of a Text. This function is more costly than its List counterpart because it requires copying a new array. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

snoc :: Text -> Char -> Text Source #

O(n) Adds a character to the end of a Text. This copies the entire array in the process. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

append :: Text -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Appends one Text to the other by copying both of them into a new Text.

uncons :: Text -> Maybe (Char, Text) Source #

O(1) Returns the first character and rest of a Text, or Nothing if empty.

unsnoc :: Text -> Maybe (Text, Char) Source #

O(1) Returns all but the last character and the last character of a Text, or Nothing if empty.

Since: 1.2.3.0

head :: HasCallStack => Text -> Char Source #

O(1) Returns the first character of a Text, which must be non-empty. This is a partial function, consider using uncons instead.

last :: HasCallStack => Text -> Char Source #

O(1) Returns the last character of a Text, which must be non-empty. This is a partial function, consider using unsnoc instead.

tail :: HasCallStack => Text -> Text Source #

O(1) Returns all characters after the head of a Text, which must be non-empty. This is a partial function, consider using uncons instead.

init :: HasCallStack => Text -> Text Source #

O(1) Returns all but the last character of a Text, which must be non-empty. This is a partial function, consider using unsnoc instead.

null :: Text -> Bool Source #

O(1) Tests whether a Text is empty or not.

length :: Text -> Int Source #

O(n) Returns the number of characters in a Text.

compareLength :: Text -> Int -> Ordering Source #

O(min(n,c)) Compare the count of characters in a Text to a number.

compareLength t c = compare (length t) c

This function gives the same answer as comparing against the result of length, but can short circuit if the count of characters is greater than the number, and hence be more efficient.

Transformations

map :: (Char -> Char) -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) map f t is the Text obtained by applying f to each element of t.

Example:

>>> let message = pack "I am not angry. Not at all."
>>> T.map (\c -> if c == '.' then '!' else c) message
"I am not angry! Not at all!"

Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

intercalate :: Text -> [Text] -> Text Source #

O(n) The intercalate function takes a Text and a list of Texts and concatenates the list after interspersing the first argument between each element of the list.

Example:

>>> T.intercalate "NI!" ["We", "seek", "the", "Holy", "Grail"]
"WeNI!seekNI!theNI!HolyNI!Grail"

intersperse :: Char -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) The intersperse function takes a character and places it between the characters of a Text.

Example:

>>> T.intersperse '.' "SHIELD"
"S.H.I.E.L.D"

Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

transpose :: [Text] -> [Text] Source #

O(n) The transpose function transposes the rows and columns of its Text argument. Note that this function uses pack, unpack, and the list version of transpose, and is thus not very efficient.

Examples:

>>> transpose ["green","orange"]
["go","rr","ea","en","ng","e"]
>>> transpose ["blue","red"]
["br","le","ud","e"]

reverse :: Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Reverse the characters of a string.

Example:

>>> T.reverse "desrever"
"reversed"

replace Source #

Arguments

:: HasCallStack 
=> Text

needle to search for. If this string is empty, an error will occur.

-> Text

replacement to replace needle with.

-> Text

haystack in which to search.

-> Text 

O(m+n) Replace every non-overlapping occurrence of needle in haystack with replacement.

This function behaves as though it was defined as follows:

replace needle replacement haystack =
  intercalate replacement (splitOn needle haystack)

As this suggests, each occurrence is replaced exactly once. So if needle occurs in replacement, that occurrence will not itself be replaced recursively:

>>> replace "oo" "foo" "oo"
"foo"

In cases where several instances of needle overlap, only the first one will be replaced:

>>> replace "ofo" "bar" "ofofo"
"barfo"

In (unlikely) bad cases, this function's time complexity degrades towards O(n*m).

Case conversion

When case converting Text values, do not use combinators like map toUpper to case convert each character of a string individually, as this gives incorrect results according to the rules of some writing systems. The whole-string case conversion functions from this module, such as toUpper, obey the correct case conversion rules. As a result, these functions may map one input character to two or three output characters. For examples, see the documentation of each function.

Note: In some languages, case conversion is a locale- and context-dependent operation. The case conversion functions in this module are not locale sensitive. Programs that require locale sensitivity should use appropriate versions of the case mapping functions from the text-icu package.

toCaseFold :: Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Convert a string to folded case.

This function is mainly useful for performing caseless (also known as case insensitive) string comparisons.

A string x is a caseless match for a string y if and only if:

toCaseFold x == toCaseFold y

The result string may be longer than the input string, and may differ from applying toLower to the input string. For instance, the Armenian small ligature "ﬓ" (men now, U+FB13) is case folded to the sequence "մ" (men, U+0574) followed by "ն" (now, U+0576), while the Greek "µ" (micro sign, U+00B5) is case folded to "μ" (small letter mu, U+03BC) instead of itself.

toLower :: Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Convert a string to lower case, using simple case conversion.

The result string may be longer than the input string. For instance, "İ" (Latin capital letter I with dot above, U+0130) maps to the sequence "i" (Latin small letter i, U+0069) followed by " ̇" (combining dot above, U+0307).

toUpper :: Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Convert a string to upper case, using simple case conversion.

The result string may be longer than the input string. For instance, the German "ß" (eszett, U+00DF) maps to the two-letter sequence "SS".

toTitle :: Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Convert a string to title case, using simple case conversion.

The first letter of the input is converted to title case, as is every subsequent letter that immediately follows a non-letter. Every letter that immediately follows another letter is converted to lower case.

The result string may be longer than the input string. For example, the Latin small ligature fl (U+FB02) is converted to the sequence Latin capital letter F (U+0046) followed by Latin small letter l (U+006C).

Note: this function does not take language or culture specific rules into account. For instance, in English, different style guides disagree on whether the book name "The Hill of the Red Fox" is correctly title cased—but this function will capitalize every word.

Since: 1.0.0.0

Justification

justifyLeft :: Int -> Char -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Left-justify a string to the given length, using the specified fill character on the right. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

Examples:

>>> justifyLeft 7 'x' "foo"
"fooxxxx"
>>> justifyLeft 3 'x' "foobar"
"foobar"

justifyRight :: Int -> Char -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Right-justify a string to the given length, using the specified fill character on the left. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

Examples:

>>> justifyRight 7 'x' "bar"
"xxxxbar"
>>> justifyRight 3 'x' "foobar"
"foobar"

center :: Int -> Char -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Center a string to the given length, using the specified fill character on either side. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

Examples:

>>> center 8 'x' "HS"
"xxxHSxxx"

Folds

foldl :: (a -> Char -> a) -> a -> Text -> a Source #

O(n) foldl, applied to a binary operator, a starting value (typically the left-identity of the operator), and a Text, reduces the Text using the binary operator, from left to right.

foldl' :: (a -> Char -> a) -> a -> Text -> a Source #

O(n) A strict version of foldl.

foldl1 :: HasCallStack => (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Text -> Char Source #

O(n) A variant of foldl that has no starting value argument, and thus must be applied to a non-empty Text.

foldl1' :: HasCallStack => (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Text -> Char Source #

O(n) A strict version of foldl1.

foldr :: (Char -> a -> a) -> a -> Text -> a Source #

O(n) foldr, applied to a binary operator, a starting value (typically the right-identity of the operator), and a Text, reduces the Text using the binary operator, from right to left.

If the binary operator is strict in its second argument, use foldr' instead.

foldr is lazy like foldr for lists: evaluation actually traverses the Text from left to right, only as far as it needs to.

For example, head can be defined with O(1) complexity using foldr:

head :: Text -> Char
head = foldr const (error "head empty")

Searches from left to right with short-circuiting behavior can also be defined using foldr (e.g., any, all, find, elem).

foldr' :: (Char -> a -> a) -> a -> Text -> a Source #

O(n) A strict version of foldr.

foldr' evaluates as a right-to-left traversal using constant stack space.

Since: 2.0.1

foldr1 :: HasCallStack => (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Text -> Char Source #

O(n) A variant of foldr that has no starting value argument, and thus must be applied to a non-empty Text.

Special folds

concat :: [Text] -> Text Source #

O(n) Concatenate a list of Texts.

concatMap :: (Char -> Text) -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Map a function over a Text that results in a Text, and concatenate the results.

any :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Bool Source #

O(n) any p t determines whether any character in the Text t satisfies the predicate p.

all :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Bool Source #

O(n) all p t determines whether all characters in the Text t satisfy the predicate p.

maximum :: HasCallStack => Text -> Char Source #

O(n) maximum returns the maximum value from a Text, which must be non-empty.

minimum :: HasCallStack => Text -> Char Source #

O(n) minimum returns the minimum value from a Text, which must be non-empty.

Construction

Scans

scanl :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Char -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) scanl is similar to foldl, but returns a list of successive reduced values from the left. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

scanl f z [x1, x2, ...] == [z, z `f` x1, (z `f` x1) `f` x2, ...]

Properties

head (scanl f z xs) = z
last (scanl f z xs) = foldl f z xs

scanl1 :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) scanl1 is a variant of scanl that has no starting value argument. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

scanl1 f [x1, x2, ...] == [x1, x1 `f` x2, ...]

scanr :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Char -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) scanr is the right-to-left dual of scanl. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

scanr f v == reverse . scanl (flip f) v . reverse

scanr1 :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) scanr1 is a variant of scanr that has no starting value argument. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

Accumulating maps

mapAccumL :: forall a. (a -> Char -> (a, Char)) -> a -> Text -> (a, Text) Source #

O(n) Like a combination of map and foldl'. Applies a function to each element of a Text, passing an accumulating parameter from left to right, and returns a final Text. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

mapAccumR :: forall a. (a -> Char -> (a, Char)) -> a -> Text -> (a, Text) Source #

The mapAccumR function behaves like a combination of map and a strict foldr; it applies a function to each element of a Text, passing an accumulating parameter from right to left, and returning a final value of this accumulator together with the new Text. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

Generation and unfolding

replicate :: Int -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n*m) replicate n t is a Text consisting of the input t repeated n times.

unfoldr :: (a -> Maybe (Char, a)) -> a -> Text Source #

O(n), where n is the length of the result. The unfoldr function is analogous to the List unfoldr. unfoldr builds a Text from a seed value. The function takes the element and returns Nothing if it is done producing the Text, otherwise Just (a,b). In this case, a is the next Char in the string, and b is the seed value for further production. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

unfoldrN :: Int -> (a -> Maybe (Char, a)) -> a -> Text Source #

O(n) Like unfoldr, unfoldrN builds a Text from a seed value. However, the length of the result should be limited by the first argument to unfoldrN. This function is more efficient than unfoldr when the maximum length of the result is known and correct, otherwise its performance is similar to unfoldr. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

Substrings

Breaking strings

take :: Int -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) take n, applied to a Text, returns the prefix of the Text of length n, or the Text itself if n is greater than the length of the Text.

takeEnd :: Int -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) takeEnd n t returns the suffix remaining after taking n characters from the end of t.

Examples:

>>> takeEnd 3 "foobar"
"bar"

Since: 1.1.1.0

drop :: Int -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) drop n, applied to a Text, returns the suffix of the Text after the first n characters, or the empty Text if n is greater than the length of the Text.

dropEnd :: Int -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) dropEnd n t returns the prefix remaining after dropping n characters from the end of t.

Examples:

>>> dropEnd 3 "foobar"
"foo"

Since: 1.1.1.0

takeWhile :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) takeWhile, applied to a predicate p and a Text, returns the longest prefix (possibly empty) of elements that satisfy p.

takeWhileEnd :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) takeWhileEnd, applied to a predicate p and a Text, returns the longest suffix (possibly empty) of elements that satisfy p. Examples:

>>> takeWhileEnd (=='o') "foo"
"oo"

Since: 1.2.2.0

dropWhile :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) dropWhile p t returns the suffix remaining after takeWhile p t.

dropWhileEnd :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) dropWhileEnd p t returns the prefix remaining after dropping characters that satisfy the predicate p from the end of t.

Examples:

>>> dropWhileEnd (=='.') "foo..."
"foo"

dropAround :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) dropAround p t returns the substring remaining after dropping characters that satisfy the predicate p from both the beginning and end of t.

strip :: Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Remove leading and trailing white space from a string. Equivalent to:

dropAround isSpace

stripStart :: Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Remove leading white space from a string. Equivalent to:

dropWhile isSpace

stripEnd :: Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Remove trailing white space from a string. Equivalent to:

dropWhileEnd isSpace

splitAt :: Int -> Text -> (Text, Text) Source #

O(n) splitAt n t returns a pair whose first element is a prefix of t of length n, and whose second is the remainder of the string. It is equivalent to (take n t, drop n t).

breakOn :: HasCallStack => Text -> Text -> (Text, Text) Source #

O(n+m) Find the first instance of needle (which must be non-null) in haystack. The first element of the returned tuple is the prefix of haystack before needle is matched. The second is the remainder of haystack, starting with the match.

Examples:

>>> breakOn "::" "a::b::c"
("a","::b::c")
>>> breakOn "/" "foobar"
("foobar","")

Laws:

append prefix match == haystack
  where (prefix, match) = breakOn needle haystack

If you need to break a string by a substring repeatedly (e.g. you want to break on every instance of a substring), use breakOnAll instead, as it has lower startup overhead.

In (unlikely) bad cases, this function's time complexity degrades towards O(n*m).

breakOnEnd :: HasCallStack => Text -> Text -> (Text, Text) Source #

O(n+m) Similar to breakOn, but searches from the end of the string.

The first element of the returned tuple is the prefix of haystack up to and including the last match of needle. The second is the remainder of haystack, following the match.

>>> breakOnEnd "::" "a::b::c"
("a::b::","c")

break :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> (Text, Text) Source #

O(n) break is like span, but the prefix returned is over elements that fail the predicate p.

>>> T.break (=='c') "180cm"
("180","cm")

span :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> (Text, Text) Source #

O(n) span, applied to a predicate p and text t, returns a pair whose first element is the longest prefix (possibly empty) of t of elements that satisfy p, and whose second is the remainder of the text.

>>> T.span (=='0') "000AB"
("000","AB")

spanM :: Monad m => (Char -> m Bool) -> Text -> m (Text, Text) Source #

O(length of prefix) spanM, applied to a monadic predicate p, a text t, returns a pair (t1, t2) where t1 is the longest prefix of t whose elements satisfy p, and t2 is the remainder of the text.

>>> T.spanM (\c -> state $ \i -> (fromEnum c == i, i+1)) "abcefg" `runState` 97
(("abc","efg"),101)

span is spanM specialized to Identity:

-- for all p :: Char -> Bool
span p = runIdentity . spanM (pure . p)

Since: 2.0.1

spanEndM :: Monad m => (Char -> m Bool) -> Text -> m (Text, Text) Source #

O(length of suffix) spanEndM, applied to a monadic predicate p, a text t, returns a pair (t1, t2) where t2 is the longest suffix of t whose elements satisfy p, and t1 is the remainder of the text.

>>> T.spanEndM (\c -> state $ \i -> (fromEnum c == i, i-1)) "tuvxyz" `runState` 122
(("tuv","xyz"),118)
spanEndM p . reverse = fmap (bimap reverse reverse) . spanM p

Since: 2.0.1

group :: Text -> [Text] Source #

O(n) Group characters in a string by equality.

groupBy :: (Char -> Char -> Bool) -> Text -> [Text] Source #

O(n) Group characters in a string according to a predicate.

inits :: Text -> [Text] Source #

O(n) Return all initial segments of the given Text, shortest first.

tails :: Text -> [Text] Source #

O(n) Return all final segments of the given Text, longest first.

Breaking into many substrings

Splitting functions in this library do not perform character-wise copies to create substrings; they just construct new Texts that are slices of the original.

splitOn Source #

Arguments

:: HasCallStack 
=> Text

String to split on. If this string is empty, an error will occur.

-> Text

Input text.

-> [Text] 

O(m+n) Break a Text into pieces separated by the first Text argument (which cannot be empty), consuming the delimiter. An empty delimiter is invalid, and will cause an error to be raised.

Examples:

>>> splitOn "\r\n" "a\r\nb\r\nd\r\ne"
["a","b","d","e"]
>>> splitOn "aaa"  "aaaXaaaXaaaXaaa"
["","X","X","X",""]
>>> splitOn "x"    "x"
["",""]

and

intercalate s . splitOn s         == id
splitOn (singleton c)             == split (==c)

(Note: the string s to split on above cannot be empty.)

In (unlikely) bad cases, this function's time complexity degrades towards O(n*m).

split :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> [Text] Source #

O(n) Splits a Text into components delimited by separators, where the predicate returns True for a separator element. The resulting components do not contain the separators. Two adjacent separators result in an empty component in the output. eg.

>>> split (=='a') "aabbaca"
["","","bb","c",""]
>>> split (=='a') ""
[""]

chunksOf :: Int -> Text -> [Text] Source #

O(n) Splits a Text into components of length k. The last element may be shorter than the other chunks, depending on the length of the input. Examples:

>>> chunksOf 3 "foobarbaz"
["foo","bar","baz"]
>>> chunksOf 4 "haskell.org"
["hask","ell.","org"]

Breaking into lines and words

lines :: Text -> [Text] Source #

O(n) Breaks a Text up into a list of Texts at newline characters '\n' (LF, line feed). The resulting strings do not contain newlines.

lines does not treat '\r' (CR, carriage return) as a newline character.

words :: Text -> [Text] Source #

O(n) Breaks a Text up into a list of words, delimited by Chars representing white space.

unlines :: [Text] -> Text Source #

O(n) Joins lines, after appending a terminating newline to each.

unwords :: [Text] -> Text Source #

O(n) Joins words using single space characters.

Predicates

isPrefixOf :: Text -> Text -> Bool Source #

O(n) The isPrefixOf function takes two Texts and returns True if and only if the first is a prefix of the second.

isSuffixOf :: Text -> Text -> Bool Source #

O(n) The isSuffixOf function takes two Texts and returns True if and only if the first is a suffix of the second.

isInfixOf :: Text -> Text -> Bool Source #

O(n+m) The isInfixOf function takes two Texts and returns True if and only if the first is contained, wholly and intact, anywhere within the second.

In (unlikely) bad cases, this function's time complexity degrades towards O(n*m).

View patterns

stripPrefix :: Text -> Text -> Maybe Text Source #

O(n) Return the suffix of the second string if its prefix matches the entire first string.

Examples:

>>> stripPrefix "foo" "foobar"
Just "bar"
>>> stripPrefix ""    "baz"
Just "baz"
>>> stripPrefix "foo" "quux"
Nothing

This is particularly useful with the ViewPatterns extension to GHC, as follows:

{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
import Data.Text as T

fnordLength :: Text -> Int
fnordLength (stripPrefix "fnord" -> Just suf) = T.length suf
fnordLength _                                 = -1

stripSuffix :: Text -> Text -> Maybe Text Source #

O(n) Return the prefix of the second string if its suffix matches the entire first string.

Examples:

>>> stripSuffix "bar" "foobar"
Just "foo"
>>> stripSuffix ""    "baz"
Just "baz"
>>> stripSuffix "foo" "quux"
Nothing

This is particularly useful with the ViewPatterns extension to GHC, as follows:

{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
import Data.Text as T

quuxLength :: Text -> Int
quuxLength (stripSuffix "quux" -> Just pre) = T.length pre
quuxLength _                                = -1

commonPrefixes :: Text -> Text -> Maybe (Text, Text, Text) Source #

O(n) Find the longest non-empty common prefix of two strings and return it, along with the suffixes of each string at which they no longer match.

If the strings do not have a common prefix or either one is empty, this function returns Nothing.

Examples:

>>> commonPrefixes "foobar" "fooquux"
Just ("foo","bar","quux")
>>> commonPrefixes "veeble" "fetzer"
Nothing
>>> commonPrefixes "" "baz"
Nothing

Searching

filter :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) filter, applied to a predicate and a Text, returns a Text containing those characters that satisfy the predicate.

breakOnAll Source #

Arguments

:: HasCallStack 
=> Text

needle to search for

-> Text

haystack in which to search

-> [(Text, Text)] 

O(n+m) Find all non-overlapping instances of needle in haystack. Each element of the returned list consists of a pair:

  • The entire string prior to the kth match (i.e. the prefix)
  • The kth match, followed by the remainder of the string

Examples:

>>> breakOnAll "::" ""
[]
>>> breakOnAll "/" "a/b/c/"
[("a","/b/c/"),("a/b","/c/"),("a/b/c","/")]

In (unlikely) bad cases, this function's time complexity degrades towards O(n*m).

The needle parameter may not be empty.

find :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Maybe Char Source #

O(n) The find function takes a predicate and a Text, and returns the first element matching the predicate, or Nothing if there is no such element.

elem :: Char -> Text -> Bool Source #

O(n) The elem function takes a character and a Text, and returns True if the element is found in the given Text, or False otherwise.

partition :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> (Text, Text) Source #

O(n) The partition function takes a predicate and a Text, and returns the pair of Texts with elements which do and do not satisfy the predicate, respectively; i.e.

partition p t == (filter p t, filter (not . p) t)

Indexing

If you think of a Text value as an array of Char values (which it is not), you run the risk of writing inefficient code.

An idiom that is common in some languages is to find the numeric offset of a character or substring, then use that number to split or trim the searched string. With a Text value, this approach would require two O(n) operations: one to perform the search, and one to operate from wherever the search ended.

For example, suppose you have a string that you want to split on the substring "::", such as "foo::bar::quux". Instead of searching for the index of "::" and taking the substrings before and after that index, you would instead use breakOnAll "::".

index :: HasCallStack => Text -> Int -> Char Source #

O(n) Text index (subscript) operator, starting from 0.

findIndex :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Maybe Int Source #

O(n) The findIndex function takes a predicate and a Text and returns the index of the first element in the Text satisfying the predicate.

count :: HasCallStack => Text -> Text -> Int Source #

O(n+m) The count function returns the number of times the query string appears in the given Text. An empty query string is invalid, and will cause an error to be raised.

In (unlikely) bad cases, this function's time complexity degrades towards O(n*m).

Zipping

zip :: Text -> Text -> [(Char, Char)] Source #

O(n) zip takes two Texts and returns a list of corresponding pairs of bytes. If one input Text is short, excess elements of the longer Text are discarded. This is equivalent to a pair of unpack operations.

zipWith :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Text -> Text -> Text Source #

O(n) zipWith generalises zip by zipping with the function given as the first argument, instead of a tupling function. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

Low level operations

copy :: Text -> Text Source #

O(n) Make a distinct copy of the given string, sharing no storage with the original string.

As an example, suppose you read a large string, of which you need only a small portion. If you do not use copy, the entire original array will be kept alive in memory by the smaller string. Making a copy "breaks the link" to the original array, allowing it to be garbage collected if there are no other live references to it.

unpackCString# :: Addr# -> Text Source #

O(n) Convert a null-terminated modified UTF-8 (but with a standard UTF-8 representation of characters from supplementary planes) string to a Text. Counterpart to unpackCStringUtf8#. No validation is performed, malformed input can lead to memory access violation.

Since: 1.2.1.1

unpackCStringAscii# :: Addr# -> Text Source #

O(n) Convert a null-terminated ASCII string to a Text. Counterpart to unpackCString#. No validation is performed, malformed input can lead to memory access violation.

Since: 2.0

measureOff :: Int -> Text -> Int Source #

O(n) If t is long enough to contain n characters, measureOff n t returns a non-negative number, measuring their size in Word8. Otherwise, if t is shorter, return a non-positive number, which is a negated total count of Char available in t. If t is empty or n = 0, return 0.

This function is used to implement take, drop, splitAt and length and is useful on its own in streaming and parsing libraries.

Since: 2.0

Orphan instances

IsList Text Source #

Performs replacement on invalid scalar values:

>>> :set -XOverloadedLists
>>> ['\55555'] :: Text
"\65533"

Since: 1.2.0.0

Instance details

Associated Types

type Item Text #

Methods

fromList :: [Item Text] -> Text #

fromListN :: Int -> [Item Text] -> Text #

toList :: Text -> [Item Text] #

Eq Text Source # 
Instance details

Methods

(==) :: Text -> Text -> Bool #

(/=) :: Text -> Text -> Bool #

Data Text Source #

This instance preserves data abstraction at the cost of inefficiency. We omit reflection services for the sake of data abstraction.

This instance was created by copying the updated behavior of Data.Set.Set and Data.Map.Map. If you feel a mistake has been made, please feel free to submit improvements.

The original discussion is archived here: could we get a Data instance for Data.Text.Text?

The followup discussion that changed the behavior of Set and Map is archived here: Proposal: Allow gunfold for Data.Map, ...

Instance details

Methods

gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Text -> c Text #

gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c Text #

toConstr :: Text -> Constr #

dataTypeOf :: Text -> DataType #

dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c Text) #

dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c Text) #

gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Text -> Text #

gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Text -> r #

gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Text -> r #

gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Text -> [u] #

gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Text -> u #

gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Text -> m Text #

gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Text -> m Text #

gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Text -> m Text #

Ord Text Source # 
Instance details

Methods

compare :: Text -> Text -> Ordering #

(<) :: Text -> Text -> Bool #

(<=) :: Text -> Text -> Bool #

(>) :: Text -> Text -> Bool #

(>=) :: Text -> Text -> Bool #

max :: Text -> Text -> Text #

min :: Text -> Text -> Text #

Read Text Source # 
Instance details

IsString Text Source #

Performs replacement on invalid scalar values:

>>> :set -XOverloadedStrings
>>> "\55555" :: Text
"\65533"
Instance details

Methods

fromString :: String -> Text #

Semigroup Text Source #

Since: 1.2.2.0

Instance details

Methods

(<>) :: Text -> Text -> Text #

sconcat :: NonEmpty Text -> Text #

stimes :: Integral b => b -> Text -> Text #

Monoid Text Source # 
Instance details

Methods

mempty :: Text #

mappend :: Text -> Text -> Text #

mconcat :: [Text] -> Text #

PrintfArg Text Source #

Since: 1.2.2.0

Instance details

Binary Text Source #

Since: 1.2.1.0

Instance details

Methods

put :: Text -> Put #

get :: Get Text #

putList :: [Text] -> Put #

NFData Text Source # 
Instance details

Methods

rnf :: Text -> () #

Lift Text Source #

Since: 1.2.4.0

Instance details

Methods

lift :: Text -> Q Exp #

liftTyped :: Text -> Q (TExp Text) #