{- $Id: AFRPEvent.hs,v 1.17 2003/12/19 15:31:50 henrik Exp $ ****************************************************************************** * A F R P * * * * Module: AFRPEvent * * Purpose: Definition of AFRP Event type. * * Authors: Antony Courtney and Henrik Nilsson * * * * Copyright (c) Yale University, 2003 * * * ****************************************************************************** -} -- Note on naming conventions used in this module. -- -- Names here might have to be rethought. It's really a bit messy. -- In general, the aim has been short and convenient names (like "tag", -- "attach", "lMerge") and thus we have tried to stay away from suffixing/ -- prefixing conventions. E.g. "Event" as a common suffix would be very -- verbose. -- -- However, part of the names come from a desire to stay close to similar -- functions for the Maybe type. e.g. "event", "fromEvent", "isEvent". -- In many cases, this use of "Event" can could understood to refer to the -- *constructor* "Event", not to the type name "Event". Thus this use of -- event should not be seen as a suffixing-with-type-name convention. But -- that is obviously not easy to see, and, more over, interpreting "Event" -- as the name of the type might make equally good or better sense. E.g. -- "fromEvent" can also be seen as a function taking an event signal, -- which is a *partial* function on time, to a normal signal. The latter is -- then undefined when the source event function is undefined. -- -- In other cases, it has been necessary to somehow stay out of the way of -- names used by the prelude or other commonly imported modules/modules -- which could be expected to be used heavily in AFRP code. In those cases -- a suffix "E" have been added. Examples are "filterE" (exists in Prelude) -- and "joinE" (exists in Monad). Maybe the suffix isn't necessary in the -- last case. -- -- Some functions (actually only one currently, mapFilterE") have got an "E" -- suffix just because they're closely related (by name or semantics) to one -- which already has an "E" suffix. Another candidate would be "splitE" to -- complement "joinE". But events carrying pairs could obviously have other -- sources than a "joinE", so currently it is called "split". -- -- 2003-05-19: Actually, have now changed to "splitE" to avoid a clash -- with the method "split" in the class RandomGen. -- -- 2003-05-19: What about "gate"? Stands out compared to e.g. "filterE". -- -- Currently the "E" suffix is considered an exception. Maybe we should use -- completely different names to avoid the "E" suffix. If the functions -- are not used that often, "Event" might be approriate. Alternatively the -- suffix "E" should be adopted globaly (except if the name already contains -- "event" in some form?). -- -- Arguably, having both a type "Event" and a constructor "Event" is confusing -- since there are more than one constructor. But the name "Event" for the -- constructor is quite apt. It's really the type name that is wrong. But -- no one has found a better name, and changing it would be a really major -- undertaking. Yes, the constructor "Event" is not exported, but we still -- need to talk conceptually about them. On the other hand, if we consider -- Event-signals as partial functions on time, maybe it isn't so confusing: -- they just don't have a value between events, so "NoEvent" does not really -- exist conceptually. -- -- ToDo: -- - Either: reveal NoEvent and Event -- or: introcuce "event = Event", call what's now "event" "fromEvent", -- and call what's now called "fromEvent" something else, like -- "unsafeFromEvent"??? Better, dump it! After all, using current -- names, "fromEvent = event undefined"! module AFRPEvent where import AFRPDiagnostics import AFRPForceable infixl 8 `tag`, `attach`, `gate` infixl 7 `joinE` infixl 6 `lMerge`, `rMerge`, `merge` ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- The Event type ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- The type Event represents a single possible event occurrence. -- It is isomorphic to Maybe, but its constructors are not exposed outside -- the AFRP implementation. -- There could possibly be further constructors, but note that the NeverEvent- -- idea does not work, at least not in the current AFRP implementation. -- Also note that it unfortunately is possible to partially break the -- abstractions through judicious use of e.g. snap and switching. data Event a = NoEvent | Event a -- Make the NoEvent constructor available. Useful e.g. for initialization, -- ((-->) & friends), and it's easily available anyway (e.g. mergeEvents []). noEvent :: Event a noEvent = NoEvent -- Suppress any event in the first component of a pair. noEventFst :: (Event a, b) -> (Event c, b) noEventFst (_, b) = (NoEvent, b) -- Suppress any event in the second component of a pair. noEventSnd :: (a, Event b) -> (a, Event c) noEventSnd (a, _) = (a, NoEvent) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Eq instance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Right now, we could derive this instance. But that could possibly change. instance Eq a => Eq (Event a) where NoEvent == NoEvent = True (Event x) == (Event y) = x == y _ == _ = False ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Ord instance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ instance Ord a => Ord (Event a) where compare NoEvent NoEvent = EQ compare NoEvent (Event _) = LT compare (Event _) NoEvent = GT compare (Event x) (Event y) = compare x y ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Functor instance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ instance Functor Event where fmap f NoEvent = NoEvent fmap f (Event a) = Event (f a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Forceable instance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ instance Forceable a => Forceable (Event a) where force ea@NoEvent = ea force ea@(Event a) = force a `seq` ea ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Internal utilities for event construction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- These utilities are to be considered strictly internal to AFRP for the -- time being. maybeToEvent :: Maybe a -> Event a maybeToEvent Nothing = NoEvent maybeToEvent (Just a) = Event a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Utility functions similar to those available for Maybe ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- An event-based version of the maybe function. event :: a -> (b -> a) -> Event b -> a event a _ NoEvent = a event _ f (Event b) = f b fromEvent :: Event a -> a fromEvent (Event a) = a fromEvent NoEvent = usrErr "AFRP" "fromEvent" "Not an event." isEvent :: Event a -> Bool isEvent NoEvent = False isEvent (Event _) = True isNoEvent :: Event a -> Bool isNoEvent = not . isEvent ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Event tagging ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Tags an (occurring) event with a value ("replacing" the old value). tag :: Event a -> b -> Event b e `tag` b = fmap (const b) e -- Attaches an extra value to the value of an occurring event. attach :: Event a -> b -> Event (a, b) e `attach` b = fmap (\a -> (a, b)) e ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Event merging (disjunction) and joining (conjunction) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Left-biased event merge. lMerge :: Event a -> Event a -> Event a le `lMerge` re = event re Event le -- Right-biased event merge. rMerge :: Event a -> Event a -> Event a le `rMerge` re = event le Event re -- Unbiased event merge: simultaneous occurrence is an error. merge :: Event a -> Event a -> Event a merge = mergeBy (usrErr "AFRP" "merge" "Simultaneous event occurrence.") -- Event merge paramterezied on the conflict resolution function. mergeBy :: (a -> a -> a) -> Event a -> Event a -> Event a mergeBy _ NoEvent NoEvent = NoEvent mergeBy _ le@(Event _) NoEvent = le mergeBy _ NoEvent re@(Event _) = re mergeBy resolve (Event l) (Event r) = Event (resolve l r) -- A generic event merge utility: mapMerge :: (a -> c) -> (b -> c) -> (a -> b -> c) -> Event a -> Event b -> Event c mapMerge _ _ _ NoEvent NoEvent = NoEvent mapMerge lf _ _ (Event l) NoEvent = Event (lf l) mapMerge _ rf _ NoEvent (Event r) = Event (rf r) mapMerge _ _ lrf (Event l) (Event r) = Event (lrf l r) -- Merging of a list of events; foremost event has priority. mergeEvents :: [Event a] -> Event a mergeEvents = foldr lMerge NoEvent -- Collects simultaneous event occurrences; no event if none. catEvents :: [Event a] -> Event [a] catEvents eas = case [ a | Event a <- eas ] of [] -> NoEvent as -> Event as -- Join (conjucntion) of two events. joinE :: Event a -> Event b -> Event (a,b) joinE NoEvent _ = NoEvent joinE _ NoEvent = NoEvent joinE (Event l) (Event r) = Event (l,r) -- Split event carrying pairs into two events. splitE :: Event (a,b) -> (Event a, Event b) splitE NoEvent = (NoEvent, NoEvent) splitE (Event (a,b)) = (Event a, Event b) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Event filtering ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Filter out events that don't satisfy some predicate. filterE :: (a -> Bool) -> Event a -> Event a filterE p e@(Event a) = if (p a) then e else NoEvent filterE _ NoEvent = NoEvent -- Combined event mapping and filtering. mapFilterE :: (a -> Maybe b) -> Event a -> Event b mapFilterE _ NoEvent = NoEvent mapFilterE f (Event a) = case f a of Nothing -> NoEvent Just b -> Event b -- Enable/disable event occurences based on an external condition. gate :: Event a -> Bool -> Event a _ `gate` False = NoEvent e `gate` True = e