Brick User Guide ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. contents:: `Table of Contents` Introduction ============ ``brick`` is a Haskell library for programming terminal user interfaces. Its main goal is to make terminal user interface development as painless and as direct as possible. ``brick`` builds on `vty`_; `vty` provides the terminal input and output interface and drawing primitives, while ``brick`` builds on those to provide a high-level application abstraction and combinators for expressing user interface layouts. This documentation is intended to provide a high-level overview of the library's design along with guidance for using it, but details on specific functions can be found in the Haddock documentation. The process of writing an application using ``brick`` entails writing two important functions: - A *drawing function* that turns your application state into a specification of how your interface should look, and - An *event handler* that takes your application state and an input event and decides whether to change the state or quit the program. We write drawing functions in ``brick`` using an extensive set of primitives and combinators to place text on the screen, set its attributes (e.g. foreground color), and express layout constraints (e.g. padding, centering, box layouts, scrolling viewports, etc.). These functions get packaged into a structure that we hand off to the ``brick`` library's main event loop. We'll cover that in detail in `The App Type`_. Installation ------------ ``brick`` can be installed in the "usual way," either by installing the latest `Hackage`_ release or by cloning the GitHub repository and building locally. To install from Hackage:: $ cabal update $ cabal install brick To clone and build locally:: $ git clone https://github.com/jtdaugherty/brick.git $ cd brick $ cabal new-build Building the Demonstration Programs ----------------------------------- ``brick`` includes a large collection of feature-specific demonstration programs. These programs are not built by default but can be built by passing the ``demos`` flag to ``cabal install``, e.g.:: $ cabal install brick -f demos Conventions =========== ``brick`` has some API conventions worth knowing about as you read this documentation and as you explore the library source and write your own programs. - Use of `microlens`_ packages: ``brick`` uses ``microlens`` family of packages internally and also exposes lenses for many types in the library. However, if you prefer not to use the lens interface in your program, all lens interfaces have non-lens equivalents exported by the same module. In general, the "``L``" suffix on something tells you it is a lens; the name without the "``L``" suffix is the non-lens version. You can get by without using ``brick``'s lens interface but your life will probably be much more pleasant once your application state becomes sufficiently complex if you use lenses to modify it (see `appHandleEvent: Handling Events`_). - Attribute names: some modules export attribute names (see `How Attributes Work`_) associated with user interface elements. These tend to end in an "``Attr``" suffix (e.g. ``borderAttr``). In addition, hierarchical relationships between attributes are documented in Haddock documentation. - Use of qualified Haskell identifiers: in this document, where sensible, I will use fully-qualified identifiers whenever I mention something for the first time or whenever I use something that is not part of ``brick``. Use of qualified names is not intended to produce executable examples, but rather to guide you in writing your ``import`` statements. Compiling Brick Applications ============================ Brick applications must be compiled with the threaded RTS using the GHC ``-threaded`` option. The App Type ============ To use the library we must provide it with a value of type ``Brick.Main.App``. This type is a record type whose fields perform various functions: .. code:: haskell data App s e n = App { appDraw :: s -> [Widget n] , appChooseCursor :: s -> [CursorLocation n] -> Maybe (CursorLocation n) , appHandleEvent :: s -> BrickEvent n e -> EventM n (Next s) , appStartEvent :: s -> EventM n s , appAttrMap :: s -> AttrMap } The ``App`` type is parameterized over three types. These type variables will appear in the signatures of many library functions and types. They are: - The **application state type** ``s``: the type of data that will evolve over the course of the application's execution. Your application will provide the library with its starting value and event handling will transform it as the program executes. When a ``brick`` application exits, the final application state will be returned. - The **event type** ``e``: the type of custom application events that your application will need to produce and handle in ``appHandleEvent``. All applications will be provided with events from the underlying ``vty`` library, such as keyboard events or resize events; this type variable indicates the type of *additional* events the application will need. For more details, see `Using Your Own Event Type`_. - The **resource name type** ``n``: during application execution we sometimes need a way to refer to rendering state, such as the space taken up by a given widget, the state for a scrollable viewport, a mouse click, or a cursor position. For these situations we need a unique handle called a *resource name*. The type ``n`` specifies the name type the application will use to identify these bits of state produced and managed by the renderer. The resource name type must be provided by your application; for more details, see `Resource Names`_. The various fields of ``App`` will be described in the sections below. Running an Application ---------------------- To run an ``App``, we pass it to ``Brick.Main.defaultMain`` or ``Brick.Main.customMain`` along with an initial application state value: .. code:: haskell main :: IO () main = do let app = App { ... } initialState = ... finalState <- defaultMain app initialState -- Use finalState and exit The ``customMain`` function is for more advanced uses; for details see `Using Your Own Event Type`_. appDraw: Drawing an Interface ----------------------------- The value of ``appDraw`` is a function that turns the current application state into a list of *layers* of type ``Widget``, listed topmost first, that will make up the interface. Each ``Widget`` gets turned into a ``vty`` layer and the resulting layers are drawn to the terminal. The ``Widget`` type is the type of *drawing instructions*. The body of your drawing function will use one or more drawing functions to build or transform ``Widget`` values to describe your interface. These instructions will then be executed with respect to three things: - The size of the terminal: the size of the terminal determines how many ``Widget`` values behave. For example, fixed-size ``Widget`` values such as text strings behave the same under all conditions (and get cropped if the terminal is too small) but layout combinators such as ``Brick.Widgets.Core.vBox`` or ``Brick.Widgets.Center.center`` use the size of the terminal to determine how to lay other widgets out. See `How Widgets and Rendering Work`_. - The application's attribute map (``appAttrMap``): drawing functions requesting the use of attributes cause the attribute map to be consulted. See `How Attributes Work`_. - The state of scrollable viewports: the state of any scrollable viewports on the *previous* drawing will be considered. For more details, see `Viewports`_. The ``appDraw`` function is called when the event loop begins to draw the application as it initially appears. It is also called right after an event is processed by ``appHandleEvent``. Even though the function returns a specification of how to draw the entire screen, the underlying ``vty`` library goes to some trouble to efficiently update only the parts of the screen that have changed so you don't need to worry about this. Where do I find drawing functions? ********************************** The most important module providing drawing functions is ``Brick.Widgets.Core``. Beyond that, any module in the ``Brick.Widgets`` namespace provides specific kinds of functionality. appHandleEvent: Handling Events ------------------------------- The value of ``appHandleEvent`` is a function that decides how to modify the application state as a result of an event: .. code:: haskell appHandleEvent :: s -> BrickEvent n e -> EventM n (Next s) The first parameter of type ``s`` is your application's state at the time the event arrives. ``appHandleEvent`` is responsible for deciding how to change the state based on the event and then return it. The second parameter of type ``BrickEvent n e`` is the event itself. The type variables ``n`` and ``e`` correspond to the *resource name type* and *event type* of your application, respectively, and must match the corresponding types in ``App`` and ``EventM``. The return value type ``Next s`` value describes what should happen after the event handler is finished. We have three choices: * ``Brick.Main.continue s``: continue executing the event loop with the specified application state ``s`` as the next value. Commonly this is where you'd modify the state based on the event and return it. * ``Brick.Main.halt s``: halt the event loop and return the final application state value ``s``. This state value is returned to the caller of ``defaultMain`` or ``customMain`` where it can be used prior to finally exiting ``main``. * ``Brick.Main.suspendAndResume act``: suspend the ``brick`` event loop and execute the specified ``IO`` action ``act``. The action ``act`` must be of type ``IO s``, so when it executes it must return the next application state. When ``suspendAndResume`` is used, the ``brick`` event loop is shut down and the terminal state is restored to its state when the ``brick`` event loop began execution. When it finishes executing, the event loop will be resumed using the returned state value. This is useful for situations where your program needs to suspend your interface and execute some other program that needs to gain control of the terminal (such as an external editor). The ``EventM`` monad is the event-handling monad. This monad is a transformer around ``IO`` so you are free to do I/O in this monad by using ``liftIO``. Beyond I/O, this monad is used to make scrolling requests to the renderer (see `Viewports`_) and obtain named extents (see `Extents`_). Keep in mind that time spent blocking in your event handler is time during which your UI is unresponsive, so consider this when deciding whether to have background threads do work instead of inlining the work in the event handler. Widget Event Handlers ********************* Event handlers are responsible for transforming the application state. While you can use ordinary methods to do this such as pattern matching and pure function calls, some widget state types such as the ones provided by the ``Brick.Widgets.List`` and ``Brick.Widgets.Edit`` modules provide their own widget-specific event-handling functions. For example, ``Brick.Widgets.Edit`` provides ``handleEditorEvent`` and ``Brick.Widgets.List`` provides ``handleListEvent``. Since these event handlers run in ``EventM``, they have access to rendering viewport states via ``Brick.Main.lookupViewport`` and the ``IO`` monad via ``liftIO``. To use these handlers in your program, invoke them on the relevant piece of state in your application state. In the following example we use an ``Edit`` state from ``Brick.Widgets.Edit``: .. code:: haskell data Name = Edit1 type MyState = Editor String Name myEvent :: MyState -> BrickEvent n e -> EventM Name (Next MyState) myEvent s (VtyEvent e) = continue =<< handleEditorEvent e s This pattern works well enough when your application state has an event handler as shown in the ``Edit`` example above, but it can become unpleasant if the value on which you want to invoke a handler is embedded deeply within your application state. If you have chosen to generate lenses for your application state fields, you can use the convenience function ``handleEventLensed`` by specifying your state, a lens, and the event: .. code:: haskell data Name = Edit1 data MyState = MyState { _theEdit :: Editor String Name } makeLenses ''MyState myEvent :: MyState -> BrickEvent n e -> EventM Name (Next MyState) myEvent s (VtyEvent e) = continue =<< handleEventLensed s theEdit handleEditorEvent e You might consider that preferable to the desugared version: .. code:: haskell myEvent :: MyState -> BrickEvent n e -> EventM Name (Next MyState) myEvent s (VtyEvent e) = do newVal <- handleEditorEvent e (s^.theEdit) continue $ s & theEdit .~ newVal Using Your Own Event Type ************************* Since we often need to communicate application-specific events beyond Vty input events to the event handler, brick supports embedding your application's custom events in the stream of ``BrickEvent``-s that your handler will receive. The type of these events is the type ``e`` mentioned in ``BrickEvent n e`` and ``App s e n``. Note: ordinarily your application will not have its own custom event type, so you can leave this type unused (e.g. ``App MyState e MyName``) or just set it to unit (``App MyState () MyName``). Here's an example of using a custom event type. Suppose that you'd like to be able to handle counter events in your event handler. First we define the counter event type: .. code:: haskell data CounterEvent = Counter Int With this type declaration we can now use counter events in our app by using the application type ``App s CounterEvent n``. To handle these events we'll just need to look for ``AppEvent`` values in the event handler: .. code:: haskell myEvent :: s -> BrickEvent n CounterEvent -> EventM n (Next s) myEvent s (AppEvent (Counter i)) = ... The next step is to actually *generate* our custom events and inject them into the ``brick`` event stream so they make it to the event handler. To do that we need to create a ``BChan`` for our custom events, provide that ``BChan`` to ``brick``, and then send our events over that channel. Once we've created the channel with ``Brick.BChan.newBChan``, we provide it to ``brick`` with ``customMain`` instead of ``defaultMain``: .. code:: haskell main :: IO () main = do eventChan <- Brick.BChan.newBChan 10 let buildVty = Graphics.Vty.mkVty Graphics.Vty.defaultConfig initialVty <- buildVty finalState <- customMain initialVty buildVty (Just eventChan) app initialState -- Use finalState and exit The ``customMain`` function lets us have control over how the ``vty`` library is initialized *and* how ``brick`` gets custom events to give to our event handler. ``customMain`` is the entry point into ``brick`` when you need to use your own event type as shown here. With all of this in place, sending our custom events to the event handler is straightforward: .. code:: haskell counterThread :: Brick.BChan.BChan CounterEvent -> IO () counterThread chan = do Brick.BChan.writeBChan chan $ Counter 1 Bounded Channels **************** A ``BChan``, or *bounded channel*, can hold a limited number of items before attempts to write new items will block. In the call to ``newBChan`` above, the created channel has a capacity of 10 items. Use of a bounded channel ensures that if the program cannot process events quickly enough then there is a limit to how much memory will be used to store unprocessed events. Thus the chosen capacity should be large enough to buffer occasional spikes in event handling latency without inadvertently blocking custom event producers. Each application will have its own performance characteristics that determine the best bound for the event channel. In general, consider the performance of your event handler when choosing the channel capacity and design event producers so that they can block if the channel is full. Starting up: appStartEvent ************************** When an application starts, it may be desirable to perform some of the duties typically only possible when an event has arrived, such as setting up initial scrolling viewport state. Since such actions can only be performed in ``EventM`` and since we do not want to wait until the first event arrives to do this work in ``appHandleEvent``, the ``App`` type provides ``appStartEvent`` function for this purpose: .. code:: haskell appStartEvent :: s -> EventM n s This function takes the initial application state and returns it in ``EventM``, possibly changing it and possibly making viewport requests. This function is invoked once and only once, at application startup. For more details, see `Viewports`_. You will probably just want to use ``return`` as the implementation of this function for most applications. appChooseCursor: Placing the Cursor ----------------------------------- The rendering process for a ``Widget`` may return information about where that widget would like to place the cursor. For example, a text editor will need to report a cursor position. However, since a ``Widget`` may be a composite of many such cursor-placing widgets, we have to have a way of choosing which of the reported cursor positions, if any, is the one we actually want to honor. To decide which cursor placement to use, or to decide not to show one at all, we set the ``App`` type's ``appChooseCursor`` function: .. code:: haskell appChooseCursor :: s -> [CursorLocation n] -> Maybe (CursorLocation n) The event loop renders the interface and collects the ``Brick.Types.CursorLocation`` values produced by the rendering process and passes those, along with the current application state, to this function. Using your application state (to track which text input box is "focused," say) you can decide which of the locations to return or return ``Nothing`` if you do not want to show a cursor. Many widgets in the rendering process can request cursor placements, but it is up to our application to determine which one (if any) should be used. Since we can only show at most a single cursor in the terminal, we need to decide which location to show. One way is by looking at the resource name contained in the ``cursorLocationName`` field. The name value associated with a cursor location will be the name used to request the cursor position with ``Brick.Widgets.Core.showCursor``. ``Brick.Main`` provides various convenience functions to make cursor selection easy in common cases: * ``neverShowCursor``: never show any cursor. * ``showFirstCursor``: always show the first cursor request given; good for applications with only one cursor-placing widget. * ``showCursorNamed``: show the cursor with the specified resource name or show no cursor if the name was not associated with any requested cursor position. For example, this widget requests a cursor placement on the first "``o``" in "``foo``" associated with the cursor name ``CustomName``: .. code:: haskell data MyName = CustomName let w = showCursor CustomName (Brick.Types.Location (1, 0)) (Brick.Widgets.Core.str "foobar") The event handler for this application would use ``MyName`` as its resource name type ``n`` and would be able to pattern-match on ``CustomName`` to match cursor requests when this widget is rendered: .. code:: haskell myApp = App { ... , appChooseCursor = \_ -> showCursorNamed CustomName } See the next section for more information on using names. Resource Names -------------- We saw above in `appChooseCursor: Placing the Cursor`_ that resource names are used to describe cursor locations. Resource names are also used to name other kinds of resources: * viewports (see `Viewports`_) * rendering extents (see `Extents`_) * mouse events (see `Mouse Support`_) Assigning names to these resource types allows us to distinguish between events based on the part of the interface to which an event is related. Your application must provide some type of name. For simple applications that don't make use of resource names, you may use ``()``. But if your application has more than one named resource, you *must* provide a type capable of assigning a unique name to every resource that needs one. A Note of Caution ***************** Resource names can be assigned to any of the resource types mentioned above, but some resource types--viewports, extents, the render cache, and cursor locations--form separate resource namespaces. So, for example, the same name can be assigned to both a viewport and an extent, since the ``brick`` API provides access to viewports and extents using separate APIs and data structures. However, if the same name is used for two resources of the same kind, it is undefined *which* of those you'll be getting access to when you go to use one of those resources in your event handler. For example, if the same name is assigned to two viewports: .. code:: haskell data Name = Viewport1 ui :: Widget Name ui = (viewport Viewport1 Vertical $ str "Foo") <+> (viewport Viewport1 Vertical $ str "Bar") <+> then in ``EventM`` when we attempt to scroll the viewport ``Viewport1`` we don't know which of the two uses of ``Viewport1`` will be affected: .. code:: haskell do let vp = viewportScroll Viewport1 vScrollBy vp 1 The solution is to ensure that for a given resource type (in this case viewport), a unique name is assigned in each use. .. code:: haskell data Name = Viewport1 | Viewport2 ui :: Widget Name ui = (viewport Viewport1 Vertical $ str "Foo") <+> (viewport Viewport2 Vertical $ str "Bar") <+> appAttrMap: Managing Attributes ------------------------------- In ``brick`` we use an *attribute map* to assign attibutes to elements of the interface. Rather than specifying specific attributes when drawing a widget (e.g. red-on-black text) we specify an *attribute name* that is an abstract name for the kind of thing we are drawing, e.g. "keyword" or "e-mail address." We then provide an attribute map which maps those attribute names to actual attributes. This approach lets us: * Change the attributes at runtime, letting the user change the attributes of any element of the application arbitrarily without forcing anyone to build special machinery to make this configurable; * Write routines to load saved attribute maps from disk; * Provide modular attribute behavior for third-party components, where we would not want to have to recompile third-party code just to change attributes, and where we would not want to have to pass in attribute arguments to third-party drawing functions. This lets us put the attribute mapping for an entire app, regardless of use of third-party widgets, in one place. To create a map we use ``Brick.AttrMap.attrMap``, e.g., .. code:: haskell App { ... , appAttrMap = const $ attrMap Graphics.Vty.defAttr [(someAttrName, fg blue)] } To use an attribute map, we specify the ``App`` field ``appAttrMap`` as the function to return the current attribute map each time rendering occurs. This function takes the current application state, so you may choose to store the attribute map in your application state. You may also choose not to bother with that and to just set ``appAttrMap = const someMap``. To draw a widget using an attribute name in the map, use ``Brick.Widgets.Core.withAttr``. For example, this draws a string with a ``blue`` background: .. code:: haskell let w = withAttr blueBg $ str "foobar" blueBg = attrName "blueBg" myMap = attrMap defAttr [ (blueBg, Brick.Util.bg Graphics.Vty.blue) ] For complete details on how attribute maps and attribute names work, see the Haddock documentation for the ``Brick.AttrMap`` module. See also `How Attributes Work`_. How Widgets and Rendering Work ============================== When ``brick`` renders a ``Widget``, the widget's rendering routine is evaluated to produce a ``vty`` ``Image`` of the widget. The widget's rendering routine runs with some information called the *rendering context* that contains: * The size of the area in which to draw things * The name of the current attribute to use to draw things * The map of attributes to use to look up attribute names * The active border style to use when drawing borders Available Rendering Area ------------------------ The most important element in the rendering context is the rendering area: This part of the context tells the widget being drawn how many rows and columns are available for it to consume. When rendering begins, the widget being rendered (i.e. a layer returned by an ``appDraw`` function) gets a rendering context whose rendering area is the size of the terminal. This size information is used to let widgets take up that space if they so choose. For example, a string "Hello, world!" will always take up one row and 13 columns, but the string "Hello, world!" *centered* will always take up one row and *all available columns*. How widgets use space when rendered is described in two pieces of information in each ``Widget``: the widget's horizontal and vertical growth policies. These fields have type ``Brick.Types.Size`` and can have the values ``Fixed`` and ``Greedy``. Note that these values are merely *descriptive hints* about the behavior of the rendering function, so it's important that they accurately describe the widget's use of space. A widget advertising a ``Fixed`` size in a given dimension is a widget that will always consume the same number of rows or columns no matter how many it is given. Widgets can advertise different vertical and horizontal growth policies for example, the ``Brick.Widgets.Border.hCenter`` function centers a widget and is ``Greedy`` horizontally and defers to the widget it centers for vertical growth behavior. These size policies govern the box layout algorithm that is at the heart of every non-trivial drawing specification. When we use ``Brick.Widgets.Core.vBox`` and ``Brick.Widgets.Core.hBox`` to lay things out (or use their binary synonyms ``<=>`` and ``<+>``, respectively), the box layout algorithm looks at the growth policies of the widgets it receives to determine how to allocate the available space to them. For example, imagine that the terminal window is currently 10 rows high and 50 columns wide. We wish to render the following widget: .. code:: haskell let w = (str "Hello," <=> str "World!") Rendering this to the terminal will result in "Hello," and "World!" underneath it, with 8 rows unoccupied by anything. But if we wished to render a vertical border underneath those strings, we would write: .. code:: haskell let w = (str "Hello," <=> str "World!" <=> vBorder) Rendering this to the terminal will result in "Hello," and "World!" underneath it, with 8 rows remaining occupied by vertical border characters ("``|``") one column wide. The vertical border widget is designed to take up however many rows it was given, but rendering the box layout algorithm has to be careful about rendering such ``Greedy`` widgets because they won't leave room for anything else. Since the box widget cannot know the sizes of its sub-widgets until they are rendered, the ``Fixed`` widgets get rendered and their sizes are used to determine how much space is left for ``Greedy`` widgets. When using widgets it is important to understand their horizontal and vertical space behavior by knowing their ``Size`` values. Those should be made clear in the Haddock documentation. The rendering context's specification of available space will also govern how widgets get cropped, since all widgets are required to render to an image no larger than the rendering context specifies. If they do, they will be forcibly cropped. Limiting Rendering Area ----------------------- If you'd like to use a ``Greedy`` widget but want to limit how much space it consumes, you can turn it into a ``Fixed`` widget by using one of the *limiting combinators*, ``Brick.Widgets.Core.hLimit`` and ``Brick.Widgets.Core.vLimit``. These combinators take widgets and turn them into widgets with a ``Fixed`` size (in the relevant dimension) and run their rendering functions in a modified rendering context with a restricted rendering area. For example, the following will center a string in 30 columns, leaving room for something to be placed next to it as the terminal width changes: .. code:: haskell let w = hLimit 30 $ hCenter $ str "Hello, world!" The Attribute Map ----------------- The rendering context contains an attribute map (see `How Attributes Work`_ and `appAttrMap: Managing Attributes`_) which is used to look up attribute names from the drawing specification. The map originates from ``Brick.Main.appAttrMap`` and can be manipulated on a per-widget basis using ``Brick.Widgets.Core.updateAttrMap``. The Active Border Style ----------------------- Widgets in the ``Brick.Widgets.Border`` module draw border characters (horizontal, vertical, and boxes) between and around other widgets. To ensure that widgets across your application share a consistent visual style, border widgets consult the rendering context's *active border style*, a value of type ``Brick.Widgets.Border.Style``, to get the characters used to draw borders. The default border style is ``Brick.Widgets.Border.Style.unicode``. To change border styles, use the ``Brick.Widgets.Core.withBorderStyle`` combinator to wrap a widget and change the border style it uses when rendering. For example, this will use the ``ascii`` border style instead of ``unicode``: .. code:: haskell let w = withBorderStyle Brick.Widgets.Border.Style.ascii $ Brick.Widgets.Border.border $ str "Hello, world!" By default, borders in adjacent widgets do not connect to each other. This can lead to visual oddities, for example, when horizontal borders are drawn next to vertical borders by leaving a small gap like this: .. code:: text │─ You can request that adjacent borders connect to each other with ``Brick.Widgets.Core.joinBorders``. Two borders drawn with the same attribute and border style, and both under the influence of ``joinBorders``, will produce a border like this instead: .. code:: text ├─ See `Joining Borders`_ for further details. How Attributes Work =================== In addition to letting us map names to attributes, attribute maps provide hierarchical attribute inheritance: a more specific attribute derives any properties (e.g. background color) that it does not specify from more general attributes in hierarchical relationship to it, letting us customize only the parts of attributes that we want to change without having to repeat ourselves. For example, this draws a string with a foreground color of ``white`` on a background color of ``blue``: .. code:: haskell let w = withAttr specificAttr $ str "foobar" generalAttr = attrName "general" specificAttr = attrName "general" <> attrName "specific" myMap = attrMap defAttr [ (generalAttr, bg blue) , (specificAttr, fg white) ] Functions ``Brick.Util.fg`` and ``Brick.Util.bg`` specify partial attributes, and map lookups start with the desired name (``general/specific`` in this case) and walk up the name hierarchy (to ``general``), merging partial attribute settings as they go, letting already-specified attribute settings take precedence. Finally, any attribute settings not specified by map lookups fall back to the map's *default attribute*, specified above as ``Graphics.Vty.defAttr``. In this way, if you want everything in your application to have a ``blue`` background color, you only need to specify it *once*: in the attribute map's default attribute. Any other attribute names can merely customize the foreground color. In addition to using the attribute map provided by ``appAttrMap``, the map can be customized on a per-widget basis by using the attribute map combinators: * ``Brick.Widgets.Core.updateAttrMap`` * ``Brick.Widgets.Core.forceAttr`` * ``Brick.Widgets.Core.withDefAttr`` * ``Brick.Widgets.Core.overrideAttr`` Attribute Themes ================ Brick provides support for customizable attribute themes. This works as follows: * The application provides a default theme built in to the program. * The application customizes the them by loading theme customizations from a user-specified customization file. * The application can save new customizations to files for later re-loading. Customizations are written in an INI-style file. Here's an example: .. code:: ini [default] default.fg = blue default.bg = black [other] someAttribute.fg = red someAttribute.style = underline otherAttribute.style = [underline, bold] otherAttribute.inner.fg = white In the above example, the theme's *default attribute* -- the one that is used when no other attributes are used -- is customized. Its foreground and background colors are set. Then, other attributes specified by the theme -- ``someAttribute`` and ``otherAttribute`` -- are also customized. This example shows that styles can be customized, too, and that a custom style can either be a single style (in this example, ``underline``) or a collection of styles to be applied simultaneously (in this example, ``underline`` and ``bold``). Lastly, the hierarchical attribute name ``otherAttribute.inner`` refers to an attribute name with two components, ``otherAttribute <> inner``, similar to the ``specificAttr`` attribute described in `How Attributes Work`_. Full documentation for the format of theme customization files can be found in the module documentation for ``Brick.Themes``. The above example can be used in a ``brick`` application as follows. First, the application provides a default theme: .. code:: haskell import Brick.Themes (Theme, newTheme) import Brick (attrName) import Brick.Util (fg, on) import Graphics.Vty (defAttr, white, blue, yellow, magenta) defaultTheme :: Theme defaultTheme = newTheme (white `on` blue) [ (attrName "someAttribute", fg yellow) , (attrName "otherAttribute", fg magenta) ] Notice that the attributes in the theme have defaults: ``someAttribute`` will default to a yellow foreground color if it is not customized. (And its background will default to the theme's default background color, blue, if it not customized either.) Then, the application can customize the theme with the user's customization file: .. code:: haskell import Brick.Themes (loadCustomizations) main :: IO () main = do customizedTheme <- loadCustomizations "custom.ini" defaultTheme Now we have a customized theme based on ``defaultTheme``. The next step is to build an ``AttrMap`` from the theme: .. code:: haskell import Brick.Themes (themeToAttrMap) main :: IO () main = do customizedTheme <- loadCustomizations "custom.ini" defaultTheme let mapping = themeToAttrMap customizedTheme The resulting ``AttrMap`` can then be returned by ``appAttrMap`` as described in `How Attributes Work`_ and `appAttrMap: Managing Attributes`_. If the theme is further customized at runtime, any changes can be saved with ``Brick.Themes.saveCustomizations``. Wide Character Support and the TextWidth class ============================================== Brick supports rendering wide characters in all widgets, and the brick editor supports entering and editing wide characters. Wide characters are those such as many Asian characters and emoji that need more than a single terminal column to be displayed. Brick relies on Vty's use of the `utf8proc`_ library to determine the column width of each character rendered. As a result of supporting wide characters, it is important to know that computing the length of a string to determine its screen width will *only* work for single-column characters. So, for example, if you want to support wide characters in your application, this will not work: .. code:: haskell let width = Data.Text.length t because if the string contains any wide characters, their widths will not be counted properly. In order to get this right, use the ``TextWidth`` type class to compute the width: .. code:: haskell let width = Brick.Widgets.Core.textWidth t The ``TextWidth`` type class uses Vty's character width routine (and thus ``utf8proc``) to compute the correct width. If you need to compute the width of a single character, use ``Graphics.Text.wcwidth``. Extents ======= When an application needs to know where a particular widget was drawn by the renderer, the application can request that the renderer record the *extent* of the widget--its upper-left corner and size--and provide it in an event handler. In the following example, the application needs to know where the bordered box containing "Foo" is rendered: .. code:: haskell ui = center $ border $ str "Foo" We don't want to have to care about the particulars of the layout to find out where the bordered box got placed during rendering. To get this information we request that the extent of the box be reported to us by the renderer using a resource name: .. code:: haskell data Name = FooBox ui = center $ reportExtent FooBox $ border $ str "Foo" Now, whenever the ``ui`` is rendered, the location and size of the bordered box containing "Foo" will be recorded. We can then look it up in event handlers in ``EventM``: .. code:: haskell do mExtent <- Brick.Main.lookupExtent FooBox case mExtent of Nothing -> ... Just (Extent _ upperLeft (width, height) offset) -> ... Paste Support ============= Some terminal emulators support "bracketed paste" support. This feature enables OS-level paste operations to send the pasted content as a single chunk of data and bypass the usual input processing that the application does. This enables more secure handling of pasted data since the application can detect that a paste occurred and avoid processing the pasted data as ordinary keyboard input. For more information, see `bracketed paste mode`_. The Vty library used by brick provides support for bracketed pastes, but this mode must be enabled. To enable paste mode, we need to get access to the Vty library handle in ``EventM`` (in e.g. ``appHandleEvent``): .. code:: haskell import Control.Monad (when) import qualified Graphics.Vty as V do vty <- Brick.Main.getVtyHandle let output = V.outputIface vty when (V.supportsMode output V.BracketedPaste) $ liftIO $ V.setMode output V.BracketedPaste True Once enabled, paste mode will generate Vty ``EvPaste`` events. These events will give you the entire pasted content as a ``ByteString`` which you must decode yourself if, for example, you expect it to contain UTF-8 text data. Mouse Support ============= Some terminal emulators support mouse interaction. The Vty library used by brick provides these low-level events if mouse mode has been enabled. To enable mouse mode, we need to get access to the Vty library handle in ``EventM``: .. code:: haskell do vty <- Brick.Main.getVtyHandle let output = outputIface vty when (supportsMode output Mouse) $ liftIO $ setMode output Mouse True Bear in mind that some terminals do not support mouse interaction, so use Vty's ``getModeStatus`` to find out whether your terminal will provide mouse events. Also bear in mind that terminal users will usually expect to be able to interact with your application entirely without a mouse, so if you do choose to enable mouse interaction, consider using it to improve existing interactions rather than provide new functionality that cannot already be managed with a keyboard. Low-level Mouse Events ---------------------- Once mouse events have been enabled, Vty will generate ``EvMouseDown`` and ``EvMouseUp`` events containing the mouse button clicked, the location in the terminal, and any modifier keys pressed. .. code:: haskell handleEvent s (VtyEvent (EvMouseDown col row button mods) = ... Brick Mouse Events ------------------ Although these events may be adequate for your needs, ``brick`` provides a higher-level mouse event interface that ties into the drawing language. The disadvantage to the low-level interface described above is that you still need to determine *what* was clicked, i.e., the part of the interface that was under the mouse cursor. There are two ways to do this with ``brick``: with *extent checking* and *click reporting*. Extent checking *************** The *extent checking* approach entails requesting extents (see `Extents`_) for parts of your interface, then checking the Vty mouse click event's coordinates against one or more extents. The most direct way to do this is to check a specific extent: .. code:: haskell handleEvent s (VtyEvent (EvMouseDown col row _ _)) = do mExtent <- lookupExtent SomeExtent case mExtent of Nothing -> continue s Just e -> do if Brick.Main.clickedExtent (col, row) e then ... else ... This approach works well enough if you know which extent you're interested in checking, but what if there are many extents and you want to know which one was clicked? And what if those extents are in different layers? The next approach is to find all clicked extents: .. code:: haskell handleEvent s (VtyEvent (EvMouseDown col row _ _)) = do extents <- Brick.Main.findClickedExtents (col, row) -- Then check to see if a specific extent is in the list, or just -- take the first one in the list. This approach finds all clicked extents and returns them in a list with the following properties: * For extents ``A`` and ``B``, if ``A``'s layer is higher than ``B``'s layer, ``A`` comes before ``B`` in the list. * For extents ``A`` and ``B``, if ``A`` and ``B`` are in the same layer and ``A`` is contained within ``B``, ``A`` comes before ``B`` in the list. As a result, the extents are ordered in a natural way, starting with the most specific extents and proceeding to the most general. Click reporting *************** The *click reporting* approach is the most high-level approach offered by ``brick``. When rendering the interface we use ``Brick.Widgets.Core.clickable`` to request that a given widget generate ``MouseDown`` and ``MouseUp`` events when it is clicked. .. code:: haskell data Name = MyButton ui :: Widget Name ui = center $ clickable MyButton $ border $ str "Click me" handleEvent s (MouseDown MyButton button modifiers coords) = ... handleEvent s (MouseUp MyButton button coords) = ... This approach enables event handlers to use pattern matching to check for mouse clicks on specific regions; this uses extent reporting under the hood but makes it possible to denote which widgets are clickable in the interface description. The event's click coordinates are local to the widget being clicked. In the above example, a click on the upper-left corner of the border would result in coordinates of ``(0,0)``. Viewports ========= A *viewport* is a scrollable window onto a widget. Viewports have a *scrolling direction* of type ``Brick.Types.ViewportType`` which can be one of: * ``Horizontal``: the viewport can only scroll horizontally. * ``Vertical``: the viewport can only scroll vertically. * ``Both``: the viewport can scroll both horizontally and vertically. The ``Brick.Widgets.Core.viewport`` combinator takes another widget and embeds it in a named viewport. We name the viewport so that we can keep track of its scrolling state in the renderer, and so that you can make scrolling requests. The viewport's name is its handle for these operations (see `Scrolling Viewports in Event Handlers`_ and `Resource Names`_). **The viewport name must be unique across your application.** For example, the following puts a string in a horizontally-scrollable viewport: .. code:: haskell -- Assuming that App uses 'Name' for its resource names: data Name = Viewport1 let w = viewport Viewport1 Horizontal $ str "Hello, world!" A ``viewport`` specification means that the widget in the viewport will be placed in a viewport window that is ``Greedy`` in both directions (see `Available Rendering Area`_). This is suitable if we want the viewport size to be the size of the entire terminal window, but if we want to limit the size of the viewport, we might use limiting combinators (see `Limiting Rendering Area`_): .. code:: haskell let w = hLimit 5 $ vLimit 1 $ viewport Viewport1 Horizontal $ str "Hello, world!" Now the example produces a scrollable window one row high and five columns wide initially showing "Hello". The next two sections discuss the two ways in which this viewport can be scrolled. Scrolling Viewports in Event Handlers ------------------------------------- The most direct way to scroll a viewport is to make *scrolling requests* in the ``EventM`` event-handling monad. Scrolling requests ask the renderer to update the state of a viewport the next time the user interface is rendered. Those state updates will be made with respect to the *previous* viewport state, i.e., the state of the viewports as of the end of the most recent rendering. This approach is the best approach to use to scroll widgets that have no notion of a cursor. For cursor-based scrolling, see `Scrolling Viewports With Visibility Requests`_. To make scrolling requests, we first create a ``Brick.Main.ViewportScroll`` from a viewport name with ``Brick.Main.viewportScroll``: .. code:: haskell -- Assuming that App uses 'Name' for its resource names: data Name = Viewport1 let vp = viewportScroll Viewport1 The ``ViewportScroll`` record type contains a number of scrolling functions for making scrolling requests: .. code:: haskell hScrollPage :: Direction -> EventM n () hScrollBy :: Int -> EventM n () hScrollToBeginning :: EventM n () hScrollToEnd :: EventM n () vScrollPage :: Direction -> EventM n () vScrollBy :: Int -> EventM n () vScrollToBeginning :: EventM n () vScrollToEnd :: EventM n () In each case the scrolling function scrolls the viewport by the specified amount in the specified direction; functions prefixed with ``h`` scroll horizontally and functions prefixed with ``v`` scroll vertically. Scrolling operations do nothing when they don't make sense for the specified viewport; scrolling a ``Vertical`` viewport horizontally is a no-op, for example. Using ``viewportScroll`` we can write an event handler that scrolls the ``Viewport1`` viewport one column to the right: .. code:: haskell myHandler :: s -> e -> EventM n (Next s) myHandler s e = do let vp = viewportScroll Viewport1 hScrollBy vp 1 continue s Scrolling Viewports With Visibility Requests -------------------------------------------- When we need to scroll widgets only when a cursor in the viewport leaves the viewport's bounds, we need to use *visibility requests*. A visibility request is a hint to the renderer that some element of a widget inside a viewport should be made visible, i.e., that the viewport should be scrolled to bring the requested element into view. To use a visibility request to make a widget in a viewport visible, we simply wrap it with ``visible``: .. code:: haskell -- Assuming that App uses 'Name' for its resource names: data Name = Viewport1 let w = viewport Viewport1 Horizontal $ (visible $ str "Hello," <+> (str " world!") This example requests that the ``Viewport1`` viewport be scrolled so that "Hello," is visible. We could extend this example with a value in the application state indicating which word in our string should be visible and then use that to change which string gets wrapped with ``visible``; this is the basis of cursor-based scrolling. Note that a visibility request does not change the state of a viewport *if the requested widget is already visible*! This important detail is what makes visibility requests so powerful, because they can be used to capture various cursor-based scenarios: * The ``Brick.Widgets.Edit`` widget uses a visibility request to make its 1x1 cursor position visible, thus making the text editing widget fully scrollable *while being entirely scrolling-unaware*. * The ``Brick.Widgets.List`` widget uses a visibility request to make its selected item visible regardless of its size, which makes the list widget scrolling-unaware. Viewport Restrictions --------------------- Viewports impose one restriction: a viewport that is scrollable in some direction can only embed a widget that has a ``Fixed`` size in that direction. This extends to ``Both`` type viewports: they can only embed widgets that are ``Fixed`` in both directions. This restriction is because when viewports embed a widget, they relax the rendering area constraint in the rendering context, but doing so to a large enough number for ``Greedy`` widgets would result in a widget that is too big and not scrollable in a useful way. Violating this restriction will result in a runtime exception. Input Forms =========== While it's possible to construct interfaces with editors and other interactive inputs manually, this process is somewhat tedious: all of the event dispatching has to be written by hand, a focus ring or other construct needs to be managed, and most of the rendering code needs to be written. Furthermore, this process makes it difficult to follow some common patterns: * We typically want to validate the user's input, and only collect it once it has been validated. * We typically want to notify the user when a particular field's contents are invalid. * It is often helpful to be able to create a new data type to represent the fields in an input interface, and use it to initialize the input elements and later collect the (validated) results. * A lot of the rendering and event-handling work to be done is repetitive. The ``Brick.Forms`` module provides a high-level API to automate all of the above work in a type-safe manner. A Form Example -------------- Let's look at an example data type that we'd want to use as the basis for an input interface. This example comes directly from the ``FormDemo.hs`` demonstration program. .. code:: haskell data UserInfo = FormState { _name :: T.Text , _age :: Int , _address :: T.Text , _ridesBike :: Bool , _handed :: Handedness , _password :: T.Text } deriving (Show) data Handedness = LeftHanded | RightHanded | Ambidextrous deriving (Show, Eq) Suppose we want to build an input form for the above data. We might want to use an editor to allow the user to enter a name and an age. We'll need to ensure that the user's input for age is a valid integer. For ``_ridesBike`` we might want a checkbox-style input, and for ``_handed`` we might want a radio button input. For ``_password``, we'd definitely like a password input box that conceals the input. If we were to build an interface for this data manually, we'd need to deal with converting the data above to the right types for inputs. For example, for ``_age`` we'd need to convert an initial age value to ``Text``, put it in an editor with ``Brick.Widgets.Edit.editor``, and then at a later time, parse the value and reconstruct an age from the editor's contents. We'd also need to tell the user if the age value was invalid. Brick's ``Forms`` API provides input field types for all of the above use cases. Here's the form that we can use to allow the user to edit a ``UserInfo`` value: .. code:: haskell mkForm :: UserInfo -> Form UserInfo e Name mkForm = newForm [ editTextField name NameField (Just 1) , editTextField address AddressField (Just 3) , editShowableField age AgeField , editPasswordField password PasswordField , radioField handed [ (LeftHanded, LeftHandField, "Left") , (RightHanded, RightHandField, "Right") , (Ambidextrous, AmbiField, "Both") ] , checkboxField ridesBike BikeField "Do you ride a bicycle?" ] A form is represented using a ``Form s e n`` value and is parameterized with some types: * ``s`` - the type of *form state* managed by the form (in this case ``UserInfo``) * ``e`` - the event type of the application (must match the event type used with ``App``) * ``n`` - the resource name type of the application (must match the resource name type used with ``App``) First of all, the above code assumes we've derived lenses for ``UserInfo`` using ``Lens.Micro.TH.makeLenses``. Once we've done that, each field that we specify in the form must provide a lens into ``UserInfo`` so that we can declare the particular field of ``UserInfo`` that will be edited by the field. For example, to edit the ``_name`` field we use the ``name`` lens to create a text field editor with ``editTextField``. All of the field constructors above are provided by ``Brick.Forms``. Each form field also needs a resource name (see `Resource Names`_). The resource names are assigned to the individual form inputs so the form can automatically track input focus and handle mouse click events. The form carries with it the value of ``UserInfo`` that reflects the contents of the form. Whenever an input field in the form handles an event, its contents are validated and rewritten to the form state (in this case, a ``UserInfo`` record). The ``mkForm`` function takes a ``UserInfo`` value, which is really just an argument to ``newForm``. This ``UserInfo`` value will be used to initialize all of the form fields. Each form field will use the lens provided to extract the initial value from the ``UserInfo`` record, convert it into an appropriate state type for the field in question, and later validate that state and convert it back into the approprate type for storage in ``UserInfo``. For example, if the initial ``UserInfo`` value's ``_age`` field has the value ``0``, the ``editShowableField`` will call ``show`` on ``0``, convert that to ``Text``, and initialize the editor for ``_age`` with the text string ``"0"``. Later, if the user enters more text -- changing the editor contents to ``"10"``, say -- the ``Read`` instance for ``Int`` (the type of ``_age``) will be used to parse ``"10"``. The successfully-parsed value ``10`` will then be written to the ``_age`` field of the form's ``UserInfo`` state using the ``age`` lens. The use of ``Show`` and ``Read`` here is a feature of the field type we have chosen for ``_age``, ``editShowableField``. For other field types we may have other needs. For instance, ``Handedness`` is a data type representing all the possible choices we want to provide for a user's handedness. We wouldn't want the user to have to type in a text string for this option. A more appropriate input interface is a list of radio buttons to choose from amongst the available options. For that we have ``radioField``. This field constructor takes a list of all of the available options, and updates the form state with the value of the currently-selected option. Rendering Forms --------------- Rendering forms is done easily using the ``Brick.Forms.renderForm`` function. However, as written above, the form will not look especially nice. We'll see a few text editors followed by some radio buttons and a check box. But we'll need to customize the output a bit to make the form easier to use. For that, we have the ``Brick.Forms.@@=`` operator. This operator lets us provide a function to augment the ``Widget`` generated by the field's rendering function so we can do things like add labels, control layout, or change attributes: .. code:: haskell (str "Name: " <+>) @@= editTextField name NameField (Just 1) Now when we invoke ``renderForm`` on a form using the above example, we'll see a ``"Name:"`` label to the left of the editor field for the ``_name`` field of ``UserInfo``. Brick provides this interface to controlling per-field rendering because many form fields either won't have labels or will have different layout requirements, so an alternative API such as building the label into the field API doesn't always make sense. Brick defaults to rendering individual fields' inputs, and the entire form, in a vertical box using ``vBox``. Use ``setFormConcat`` and ``setFieldConcat`` to change this behavior to, e.g., ``hBox``. Form Attributes --------------- The ``Brick.Forms`` module uses and exports two attribute names (see `How Attributes Work`_): * ``focusedFormInputAttr`` - this attribute is used to render the form field that has the focus. * ``invalidFormInputAttr`` - this attribute is used to render any form field that has user input that has valid validation. Your application should set both of these. Some good mappings in the attribute map are: * ``focusedFormInputAttr`` - ``black `on` yellow`` * ``invalidFormInputAttr`` - ``white `on` red`` Handling Form Events -------------------- Handling form events is easy: we just call ``Brick.Forms.handleFormEvent`` with the ``BrickEvent`` and the ``Form``. This automatically dispatches input events to the currently-focused input field, and it also manages focus changes with ``Tab`` and ``Shift-Tab`` keybindings. (For details on all of its behaviors, see the Haddock documentation for ``handleFormEvent``.) It's still up to the application to decide when events should go to the form in the first place. Since the form field handlers take ``BrickEvent`` values, that means that custom fields could even handle application-specific events (of the type ``e`` above). Once the application has decided that the user should be done with the form editing session, the current state of the form can be obtained with ``Brick.Forms.formState``. In the example above, this would return a ``UserInfo`` record containing the values for each field in the form *as of the last time it was valid input*. This means that the user might have provided invalid input to a form field that is not reflected in the form state due to failing validation. Since the ``formState`` is always a valid set of values, it might be surprising to the user if the values used do not match the last values they saw on the screen; the ``Brick.Forms.allFieldsValid`` can be used to determine if the last visual state of the form had any invalid entries and doesn't match the value of ``formState``. A list of any fields which had invalid values can be retrieved with the ``Brick.Forms.invalidFields`` function. While each form field type provides a validator function to validate its current user input value, that function is pure. As a result it's not suitable for doing validation that requires I/O such as searching a database or making network requests. If your application requires that kind of validation, you can use the ``Brick.Forms.setFieldValid`` function to set the validation state of any form field as you see fit. The validation state set by that function will be considered by ``allFieldsValid`` and ``invalidFields``. See ``FormDemo.hs`` for an example of this API. Note that if mouse events are enabled in your application (see `Mouse Support`_), all built-in form fields will respond to mouse interaction. Radio buttons and check boxes change selection on mouse clicks and editors change cursor position on mouse clicks. Writing Custom Form Field Types ------------------------------- If the built-in form field types don't meet your needs, ``Brick.Forms`` exposes all of the data types needed to implement your own field types. For more details on how to do this, see the Haddock documentation for the ``FormFieldState`` and ``FormField`` data types along with the implementations of the built-in form field types. Joining Borders =============== Brick supports a feature called "joinable borders" which means that borders drawn in adjacent widgets can be configured to automatically "join" with each other using the appropriate intersection characters. This feature is helpful for creating seamless connected borders without the need for manual calculations to determine where to draw intersection characters. Under normal circumstances, widgets are self-contained in that their renderings do not interact with the appearance of adjacent widgets. This is unfortunate for borders: one often wants to draw a T-shaped character at the intersection of a vertical and horizontal border, for example. To facilitate automatically adding such characters, ``brick`` offers some border-specific capabilities for widgets to re-render themselves as information about neighboring widgets becomes available during the rendering process. Border-joining works by iteratively *redrawing* the edges of widgets as those edges come into contact with other widgets during rendering. If the adjacent edge locations of two widgets both use joinable borders, the Brick will re-draw one of the characters to so that it connects seamlessly with the adjacent border. How Joining Works ----------------- When a widget is rendered, it can report supplementary information about each position on its edges. Each position has four notional line segments extending from its center, arranged like this: .. code:: text top | | left ----+---- right | | bottom These segments can independently be *drawn*, *accepting*, and *offering*, as captured in the ``Brick.Types.BorderSegment`` type: .. code:: haskell data BorderSegment = BorderSegment { bsAccept :: Bool , bsOffer :: Bool , bsDraw :: Bool } If no information is reported for a position, it assumed that it is not drawn, not accepting, and not offering -- and so it will never be rewritten. This situation is the ordinary situation where an edge location is not a border at all, or is a border that we don't want to join to other borders. Line segments that are *drawn* are used for deciding which part of the ``BorderStyle`` to use if this position needs to be updated. (See also `The Active Border Style`_.) For example, suppose a position needs to be redrawn, and already has the left and bottom segments drawn; then it will replace the current character with the upper-right corner drawing character ``bsCornerTR`` from its border style. The *accepting* and *offering* properties are used to perform a small handshake between neighboring widgets; when the handshake is successful, one segment will transition to being drawn. For example, suppose a horizontal and vertical border widget are drawn next to each other: .. code:: text top (offering) top | | left + right left ----+---- right | (offering) (offering) | bottom bottom (offering) These borders are accepting in all directions, drawn in the directions signified by visible lines, and offering in the directions written. Since the horizontal border on the right is offering towards the vertical border, and the vertical border is accepting from the direction towards the horizontal border, the right segment of the vertical border will transition to being drawn. This will trigger an update of the ``Image`` associated with the left widget, overwriting whatever character is there currently with a ``bsIntersectL`` character instead. The state of the segments afterwards will be the same, but the fact that there is one more segment drawn will be recorded: .. code:: text top (offering) top | | left +---- right left ----+---- right | (offering) (offering) | bottom bottom (offering) It is important that this be recorded: we may later place this combined widget to the right of another horizontal border, in which case we would want to transition again from a ``bsIntersectL`` character to a ``bsIntersectFull`` character that represents all four segments being drawn. Because this involves an interaction between multiple widgets, we may find that the two widgets involved were rendered under different rendering contexts. To avoid mixing and matching border styles and drawing attributes, each location records not just the state of its four segments but also the border style and attribute that were active at the time the border was drawn. This information is stored in ``Brick.Types.DynBorder``. .. code:: haskell data DynBorder = DynBorder { dbStyle :: BorderStyle , dbAttr :: Attr , dbSegments :: Edges BorderSegment } The ``Brick.Types.Edges`` type has one field for each direction: .. code:: haskell data Edges a = Edges { eTop, eBottom, eLeft, eRight :: a } In addition to the offer/accept handshake described above, segments also check that their neighbor's ``BorderStyle`` and ``Attr`` match their own before transitioning from undrawn to drawn to avoid visual glitches from trying to connect e.g. ``unicode`` borders to ``ascii`` ones or green borders to red ones. The above description applies to a single location; any given widget's result may report information about any location on its border using the ``Brick.BorderMap.BorderMap`` type. A ``BorderMap a`` is close kin to a ``Data.Map.Map Location a`` except that each ``BorderMap`` has a fixed rectangle on which keys are retained. Values inserted at other keys are silently discarded. For backwards compatibility, all the widgets that ship with ``brick`` avoid reporting any border information by default, but ``brick`` offers three ways of modifying the border-joining behavior of a widget. * ``Brick.Widgets.Core.joinBorders`` instructs any borders drawn in its child widget to report their edge information. It does this by setting a flag in the rendering context that tells the ``Brick.Widgets.Border`` widgets to report the information described above. Consequently, widgets drawn in this context will join their borders with neighbors. * ``Brick.Widgets.Core.separateBorders`` does the opposite of ``joinBorders`` by unsetting the same context flag, preventing border widgets from attempting to connect. * ``Brick.Widgets.Core.freezeBorders`` lets its child widget connect its borders internally but prevents it from connecting with anything outside the ``freezeBorders`` call. It does this by deleting the edge metadata about its child widget. This means that any connections already made within the child widget will stay as they are but no new connections will be made to adjacent widgets. For example, one might use this to create a box with internal but no external connections: .. code:: haskell joinBorders . freezeBorders . border . hBox $ [str "left", vBorder, str "right"] Or to create a box that allows external connections but not internal ones: .. code:: haskell joinBorders . border . freezeBorders . hBox $ [str "left", vBorder, str "right"] When creating new widgets, if you would like ``joinBorders`` and ``separateBorders`` to affect the behavior of your widget, you may do so by consulting the ``ctxDynBorders`` field of the rendering context before writing to your ``Result``'s ``borders`` field. The Rendering Cache =================== When widgets become expensive to render, ``brick`` provides a *rendering cache* that automatically caches and re-uses stored Vty images from previous renderings to avoid expensive renderings. To cache the rendering of a widget, just wrap it in the ``Brick.Widgets.Core.cached`` function: .. code:: haskell data Name = ExpensiveThing ui :: Widget Name ui = center $ cached ExpensiveThing $ border $ str "This will be cached" In the example above, the first time the ``border $ str "This will be cached"`` widget is rendered, the resulting Vty image will be stored in the rendering cache under the key ``ExpensiveThing``. On subsequent renderings the cached Vty image will be used instead of re-rendering the widget. This example doesn't need caching to improve performance, but more sophisticated widgets might. Once ``cached`` has been used to store something in the rendering cache, periodic cache invalidation may be required. For example, if the cached widget is built from application state, the cache will need to be invalidated when the relevant state changes. The cache may also need to be invalidated when the terminal is resized. To invalidate the cache, we use the cache invalidation functions in ``EventM``: .. code:: haskell handleEvent s ... = do -- Invalidate just a single cache entry: Brick.Main.invalidateCacheEntry ExpensiveThing -- Invalidate the entire cache (useful on a resize): Brick.Main.invalidateCache Implementing Custom Widgets =========================== ``brick`` exposes all of the internals you need to implement your own widgets. Those internals, together with ``Graphics.Vty``, can be used to create widgets from the ground up. You'll need to implement your own widget if you can't write what you need in terms of existing combinators. For example, an ordinary widget like .. code:: haskell myWidget :: Widget n myWidget = str "Above" <=> str "Below" can be expressed with ``<=>`` and ``str`` and needs no custom behavior. But suppose we want to write a widget that renders some string followed by the number of columns in the space available to the widget. We can't do this without writing a custom widget because we need access to the rendering context. We can write such a widget as follows: .. code:: haskell customWidget :: String -> Widget n customWidget s = Widget Fixed Fixed $ do ctx <- getContext render $ str (s <> " " <> show (ctx^.availWidthL)) The ``Widget`` constructor takes the horizontal and vertical growth policies as described in `How Widgets and Rendering Work`_. Here we just provide ``Fixed`` for both because the widget will not change behavior if we give it more space. We then get the rendering context and append the context's available columns to the provided string. Lastly we call ``render`` to render the widget we made with ``str``. The ``render`` function returns a ``Brick.Types.Result`` value: .. code:: haskell data Result n = Result { image :: Graphics.Vty.Image , cursors :: [Brick.Types.CursorLocation n] , visibilityRequests :: [Brick.Types.VisibilityRequest] , extents :: [Extent n] , borders :: BorderMap DynBorder } The rendering function runs in the ``RenderM`` monad, which gives us access to the rendering context (see `How Widgets and Rendering Work`_) via the ``Brick.Types.getContext`` function as shown above. The context tells us about the dimensions of the rendering area and the current attribute state of the renderer, among other things: .. code:: haskell data Context = Context { ctxAttrName :: AttrName , availWidth :: Int , availHeight :: Int , ctxBorderStyle :: BorderStyle , ctxAttrMap :: AttrMap , ctxDynBorders :: Bool } and has lens fields exported as described in `Conventions`_. As shown here, the job of the rendering function is to return a rendering result which means producing a ``vty`` ``Image``. In addition, if you so choose, you can also return one or more cursor positions in the ``cursors`` field of the ``Result`` as well as visibility requests (see `Viewports`_) in the ``visibilityRequests`` field. Returned visibility requests and cursor positions should be relative to the upper-left corner of your widget, ``Location (0, 0)``. When your widget is placed in others, such as boxes, the ``Result`` data you returned will be offset (as described in `Rendering Sub-Widgets`_) to result in correct coordinates once the entire interface has been rendered. Using the Rendering Context --------------------------- The most important fields of the context are the rendering area fields ``availWidth`` and ``availHeight``. These fields must be used to determine how much space your widget has to render. To perform an attribute lookup in the attribute map for the context's current attribute, use ``Brick.Types.attrL``. For example, to build a widget that always fills the available width and height with a fill character using the current attribute, we could write: .. code:: haskell myFill :: Char -> Widget n myFill ch = Widget Greedy Greedy $ do ctx <- getContext let a = ctx^.attrL return $ Result (Graphics.Vty.charFill a ch (ctx^.availWidthL) (ctx^.availHeightL)) [] [] Rendering Sub-Widgets --------------------- If your custom widget wraps another, then in addition to rendering the wrapped widget and augmenting its returned ``Result`` *it must also translate the resulting cursor locations, visibility requests, and extents*. This is vital to maintaining the correctness of rendering metadata as widget layout proceeds. To do so, use the ``Brick.Widgets.Core.addResultOffset`` function to offset the elements of a ``Result`` by a specified amount. The amount depends on the nature of the offset introduced by your wrapper widget's logic. Widgets are not required to respect the rendering context's width and height restrictions. Widgets may be embedded in viewports or translated so they must render without cropping to work in those scenarios. However, widgets rendering other widgets *should* enforce the rendering context's constraints to avoid using more space than is available. The ``Brick.Widgets.Core.cropToContext`` function is provided to make this easy: .. code:: haskell let w = cropToContext someWidget Widgets wrapped with ``cropToContext`` can be safely embedded in other widgets. If you don't want to crop in this way, you can use any of ``vty``'s cropping functions to operate on the ``Result`` image as desired. Sub-widgets may specify specific attribute name values influencing that sub-widget. If the custom widget utilizes its own attribute names but needs to render the sub-widget, it can use ``overrideAttr`` or ``mapAttrNames`` to convert its custom names to the names that the sub-widget uses for rendering its output. .. _vty: https://github.com/jtdaugherty/vty .. _Hackage: http://hackage.haskell.org/ .. _microlens: http://hackage.haskell.org/package/microlens .. _bracketed paste mode: https://cirw.in/blog/bracketed-paste .. _utf8proc: http://julialang.org/utf8proc/