!M      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKL(c) Daniel Mendler 2017MITmail@daniel-mendler.de experimentalportableSafe 4567=>?@A*<intro9Newtype wrapper for a string which was decoded leniently.intro,Encode and decode strings as a byte sequence ! .  "a Just   .  "a M intro"Encode a string as a byte sequence intro!Lenient decoding of byte sequenceYLenient means that invalid characters are replaced by the Unicode replacement character '\FFFD'.!introDecode byte sequence&If the decoding fails, return Nothing."intro+Conversion of strings to other string types (# :: b -> a) . (# :: a -> b) "a (M :: a -> a) (# :: b -> H a) . (# :: a -> b) "a (Just :: a -> H a) (# :: b ->  a) . (# :: a -> b) "a ( :: a ->  a) #intro'Convert a string to another string type ! "#(c) Daniel Mendler 2016-2017MITmail@daniel-mendler.de experimentalportable Trustworthy,HG$introThe $u function outputs the trace message given as its first argument, before returning the second argument as its result.'For example, this returns the value of f x but first outputs the message. -trace ("calling f with x = " ++ show x) (f x)The $ function should only be used for debugging, or for monitoring execution. The function is not referentially transparent: its type indicates that it is a pure function but it has the side effect of outputting the trace message.%introLike $$ but returning unit in an arbitrary 64 context. Allows for convenient use in do-notation.Note that the application of % is not an action in the 6 context, as ( is in the I type. While the fresh bindings in the following example will force the %+ expressions to be reduced every time the do-block is executed, traceM "not crashed"_ would only be reduced once, and the message would only be printed once. If your monad is in , traceIO may be a better option. T... = do x <- ... traceM $ "x: " ++ show x y <- ... traceM $ "y: " ++ show y&introLike $ , but uses show$ on the argument to convert it to a String.This makes it convenient for printing the values of interesting variables or expressions inside a function. For example here we print the value of the variables x and z: Af x y = traceShow (x, z) $ result where z = ... ...'introLike % , but uses show$ on the argument to convert it to a String. D... = do x <- ... traceShowM $ x y <- ... traceShowM $ x + y(introThe (s function outputs the trace message from the IO monad. This sequences the output with respect to other IO actions.)introLike &6 but returns the shown value instead of a third value.*introLike $2 but returns the message instead of a third value.nNT}$%&'()*(c) Daniel Mendler 2016-2017MITmail@daniel-mendler.de experimentalportableSafe>HV"+introAlias for lazy O,introAlias for lazy P-introThe largest element of a foldable structure with respect to the given comparison function. The result is bounded by the value given as the first argument..introThe smallest element of a foldable structure with respect to the given comparison function. The result is bounded by the value given as the first argument./introuThe largest element of a foldable structure with respect to the given comparison function. The result is bounded by C.0introvThe smallest element of a foldable structure with respect to the given comparison function. The result is bounded by B.1intromThe largest element of a foldable structure. The result is bounded by the value given as the first argument.2intronThe smallest element of a foldable structure. The result is bounded by the value given as the first argument.3introGThe largest element of a foldable structure. The result is bounded by C.4introGThe largest element of a foldable structure. The result is bounded by B.5intro Convert from 7 to an  type.6introConvert between two different 2 types. This function can be used instead of the N& function originally provided by the  class.7introA synonym for Q. map = Q8intro7Convert a value to a readable string type supported by " using the 1 instance.9introConvert a value to a readable  using the 1 instance.:introConvert a value to a readable | using the 1 instance.;introParse a string type using the -: instance. Succeeds if there is exactly one valid result.<introThe < function outputs a value of any printable type to the standard output device. Printable types are those that are instances of class 1; <2 converts values to strings for output using the 8 operation and adds a newline.aFor example, a program to print the first 20 integers and their powers of 2 could be written as: (main = print ([(n, 2^n) | n <- [0..19]])Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.=introWrite a strict  to the standard output device.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.>intro The same as =, but adds a newline character.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.?intro0Write a character to the standard output device.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.@intro$Read an entire file strictly into a .Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.AintroWrite a  to a file.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.Bintro Append a  to a file.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.Cintro$Read an entire file strictly into a 3 using UTF-8 encoding. The decoding is done using  H. Invalid characters are replaced by the Unicode replacement character '\FFFD'.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.DintroWrite a  to a file using UTF-8 encoding.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.Eintro Append a  to a file using UTF-8 encoding.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.Fintro1Throw an undefined error. Use only for debugging.Gintro lifted to 6HintroECompose functions with one argument with function with two arguments.f .: g = \x y -> f (g x y).IintroAn infix form of [ with arguments flipped.Jintro() lifted to an 6. skip = ! ()KintrouThrow an unhandled error to terminate the program in case of a logic error at runtime. Use this function instead of R". A stack trace will be provided.0In general, prefer total functions. You can use H, R,  or  for error handling.LintroMonad fail function from the 4 class.When a value is bound in do1-notation, the pattern on the left hand side of <-K might not match. 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