!E      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCD(c) Daniel Mendler 2017MITmail@daniel-mendler.de experimentalportableSafe 4567=>?@A)intro9Newtype wrapper for a string which was decoded leniently.intro,Encode and decode strings as a byte sequence ! .  "a Just   .  "a E intro"Encode a string as a byte sequence intro!Lenient decoding of byte sequenceYLenient means that invalid characters are replaced by the Unicode replacement character '\FFFD'.!introDecode byte sequence&If the decoding fails, return Nothing."intro+Conversion of strings to other string types (# :: b -> a) . (# :: a -> b) "a (E :: a -> a) (# :: b -> H a) . (# :: a -> b) "a (Just :: a -> H a) (# :: b ->  a) . (# :: a -> b) "a ( :: a ->  a) #intro'Convert a string to another string type ! "#(c) Daniel Mendler 2016-2017MITmail@daniel-mendler.de experimentalportable Trustworthy,HG$introThe $u function outputs the trace message given as its first argument, before returning the second argument as its result.'For example, this returns the value of f x but first outputs the message. -trace ("calling f with x = " ++ show x) (f x)The $ function should only be used for debugging, or for monitoring execution. The function is not referentially transparent: its type indicates that it is a pure function but it has the side effect of outputting the trace message.%introLike $$ but returning unit in an arbitrary 64 context. Allows for convenient use in do-notation.Note that the application of % is not an action in the 6 context, as ( is in the I type. While the fresh bindings in the following example will force the %+ expressions to be reduced every time the do-block is executed, traceM "not crashed"_ would only be reduced once, and the message would only be printed once. If your monad is in , traceIO may be a better option. T... = do x <- ... traceM $ "x: " ++ show x y <- ... traceM $ "y: " ++ show y&introLike $ , but uses show$ on the argument to convert it to a String.This makes it convenient for printing the values of interesting variables or expressions inside a function. For example here we print the value of the variables x and z: Af x y = traceShow (x, z) $ result where z = ... ...'introLike % , but uses show$ on the argument to convert it to a String. D... = do x <- ... traceShowM $ x y <- ... traceShowM $ x + y(introThe (s function outputs the trace message from the IO monad. This sequences the output with respect to other IO actions.)introLike &6 but returns the shown value instead of a third value.*introLike $2 but returns the message instead of a third value.lFRw$%&'()*(c) Daniel Mendler 2016-2017MITmail@daniel-mendler.de experimentalportableSafe>HVz%+introAlias for lazy G,introAlias for lazy H-intro Convert from 7 to an  type..introConvert between two different 2 types. This function can be used instead of the F& function originally provided by the  class./introA synonym for I. map = I0intro7Convert a value to a readable string type supported by " using the 1 instance.1introConvert a value to a readable  using the 1 instance.2introConvert a value to a readable v using the 1 instance.3introParse a string type using the -: instance. Succeeds if there is exactly one valid result.4introThe 4 function outputs a value of any printable type to the standard output device. Printable types are those that are instances of class 1; 42 converts values to strings for output using the 0 operation and adds a newline.aFor example, a program to print the first 20 integers and their powers of 2 could be written as: (main = print ([(n, 2^n) | n <- [0..19]])Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.5introWrite a strict  to the standard output device.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.6intro The same as 5, but adds a newline character.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.7intro0Write a character to the standard output device.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.8intro$Read an entire file strictly into a .Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.9introWrite a  to a file.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.:intro Append a  to a file.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.;intro$Read an entire file strictly into a 3 using UTF-8 encoding. The decoding is done using  H. Invalid characters are replaced by the Unicode replacement character '\FFFD'.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.<introWrite a  to a file using UTF-8 encoding.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.=intro Append a  to a file using UTF-8 encoding.Note!: This function is lifted to the  class.>intro1Throw an undefined error. Use only for debugging.?intro lifted to 6@introECompose functions with one argument with function with two arguments.f .: g = \x y -> f (g x y).AintroAn infix form of U with arguments flipped.Bintro() lifted to an 6. skip = ! ()CintrouThrow an unhandled error to terminate the program in case of a logic error at runtime. Use this function instead of J". A stack trace will be provided.0In general, prefer total functions. You can use H, P,  or  for error handling.DintroMonad fail function from the 4 class.When a value is bound in do1-notation, the pattern on the left hand side of <-K might not match. In this case, this class provides a function to recover.A Monad without a  MonadFail instance may only be used in conjunction with pattern that always match, such as newtypes, tuples, data types with only a single data constructor, and irrefutable patterns (~pat). Instances of  MonadFail# should satisfy the following law: fail s should be a left zero for >>=, fail s >>= f = fail s If your Monad is also  MonadPlus, a popular definition is fail _ = mzero El#=<$> %x&'65 (43210/)*l+`_^],z~y-./     0;:987123456n! "m789:;kj<=SV>?@ABCDEFGHTUIY[ZJKLMNOPWXQR\_^]ba`edchgfkjimnpoqrstuxvw|{zy}~"! #$%&'()*+,-.?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\abcdefghirpqosutvw{|}     ! "#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEedc$&%@ba\=SV{|#}HTUTUAWVSXl.-FIKPODNMERQGHJL@?CBAut[ZYPWX>v,+5"#! FGABCDEKLMNO@?+`_^]\,.(43210/.-'65 +&0;:987/     "! 1012-3%x},z~y~IY[Z$> #=<;kjedchgf_^]ba`kji<*l(*)/'786! 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