## Installation Before installing the Haskell bindings you need to install the BLAS and LAPACK packages. Please note, that additionally to the reference implementation in FORTRAN 77 there are alternative optimized implementations like OpenBLAS, ATLAS, Intel MKL. ### Debian, Ubuntu ~~~~ sudo apt-get install libblas-dev liblapack-dev ~~~~ ### MacOS You may install pkgconfig and LAPACK via MacPorts: ~~~~ sudo port install pkgconfig lapack ~~~~ However, the pkg-config files for LAPACK seem to be installed in a non-standard location. You must make them visible to pkg-config by ~~~~ export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/opt/local/lib/lapack/pkgconfig:$PKG_CONFIG_PATH ~~~~ You may set the search PATH permanently by adding the above command line to your `$HOME/.profile` file. Alternatively, a solution for all users of your machine would be to set symbolic links: ~~~~ sudo ln -s /opt/local/lib/lapack/pkgconfig/blas.pc /opt/local/lib/pkgconfig/blas.pc sudo ln -s /opt/local/lib/lapack/pkgconfig/lapack.pc /opt/local/lib/pkgconfig/lapack.pc ~~~~ ## Introduction Here is a small example for constructing and formatting matrices: ~~~~ Prelude> import qualified Numeric.LAPACK.Matrix as Matrix Prelude Matrix> import Numeric.LAPACK.Format as Fmt ((##)) Prelude Matrix Fmt> let a = Matrix.fromList (Matrix.shapeInt 3) (Matrix.shapeInt 4) [(0::Float)..] Prelude Matrix Fmt> a ## "%.4f" 0.0000 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000 5.0000 6.0000 7.0000 8.0000 9.0000 10.0000 11.0000 Prelude Matrix Fmt> import qualified Numeric.LAPACK.Matrix.Shape as MatrixShape Prelude Matrix Fmt MatrixShape> import qualified Numeric.LAPACK.Matrix.Triangular as Triangular Prelude Matrix Fmt MatrixShape Triangular> let u = Triangular.upperFromList MatrixShape.RowMajor (Matrix.shapeInt 4) [(0::Float)..] Prelude Matrix Fmt MatrixShape Triangular> (u, Triangular.transpose u) ## "%.4f" 0.0000 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000 5.0000 6.0000 7.0000 8.0000 9.0000 0.0000 1.0000 4.0000 2.0000 5.0000 7.0000 3.0000 6.0000 8.0000 9.0000 ~~~~ You may find a more complex introductory example at: ## Formatting We do not try to do fancy formatting for the `Show` instance. The `Show` instances of matrices emit plain valid Haskell code in one line where all numbers are printed in full precision. If matrices are part of larger Haskell data structures this kind of formatting works best. For human-friendly formatting in GHCi you need to add something like `## "%.4f"` after a matrix or vector expression. It means: Print all numbers in fixed point representation using four digits for the fractional part. You can use the formatting placeholders provided by `printf`. The matrices have `Hyper` instances for easy usage in [HyperHaskell](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/hyper-haskell-server). Formatting is based on the `Output` type class that currently supports output as [Text boxes](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/boxes) for GHCi and [HTML](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/blaze-html) for HyperHaskell. ## Matrix vs. Vector Vectors are `Storable.Array`s from the [comfort-array](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/comfort-array) package. An array can have a fancy shape like a shape defined by an Haskell enumeration type, the shape of two appended arrays, a shape that is compatible to a Haskell container type, a rectangular or triangular shape. All operations check dynamically whether corresponding shapes match structurally. E.g. `a|||b === c|||d` composes a matrix from four quadrants `a`, `b`, `c`, `d`. It is not enough that `a|||b` and `c|||d` have the same width, but the widths of `a` and `c` as well as `b` and `d` must match. The type variables for shapes show which dimensions must be compatible. We recommend to use type variables for the shapes as long as possible because this increases type safety even if you eventually use only `ShapeInt`. If you use statically sized shapes you get static size checks. A matrix can have any of these shapes as height and as width. E.g. it is no problem to define a matrix that maps a triangular shaped array to a rectangular shaped one. There are actually practical applications to such matrices. A matrix can be treated as vector, but there are limitations. E.g. if you scale a Hermitian matrix by a complex factor it will in general be no longer Hermitian. Another problem: Two equally sized rectangular matrices may differ in the element order (row major vs. column major). You cannot simply add them by adding the flattened arrays element-wise. Thus if you want to perform vector operations on a matrix the package requires you to "unpack" a matrix to a vector using `Matrix.Array.toVector`. This conversion is almost a no-op and preserves most of the shape information. The reverse operation is `Matrix.Array.fromVector`. There are more matrix types that are not based on a single array. E.g. we provide a symbolic inverse, a scaling matrix, a permutation matrix. We also support arrays that represent factors of a matrix factorization. You obtain these by LU and QR decompositions. You can extract the matrix factors of it, but you can also multiply the factors to other matrices or use the decompositions for solving simultaneous linear equations. ## Type tags for content constraints Full matrices have additional type tags to distinguish between four cases of the size relations between the height and the width of a full matrix. In a matrix of type `Matrix.Full vert horiz height width a` the type variables mean: ~~~~ vert height Small Small - Square matrix height==width Big Small - Tall matrix size height >= size width Small Big - Wide matrix size height <= size width Big Big - General matrix height and width arbitrary ~~~~ The relations are defined using two type tags in order to support matrix transposition flawlessly. Using `Small Small` for square matrices and `Big Big` for general matrices appears to be arbitrary, but is chosen such that altering `Small` to `Big` generalizes the size relation. Likewise we use the `Triangular` matrix type also to represent diagonal and symmetric matrices. For `Matrix.Triangular lo diag up size a` we have the cases: ~~~~ lo up Empty Empty - Diagonal matrix Empty Full - Upper triangular matrix Full Empty - Lower triangular matrix Full Full - Symmetric matrix ~~~~ The `diag` type tag can be `NonUnit` or `Unit`. `Unit` can be used for matrices that always have a unit diagonal by construction. The property of a unit diagonal is preserved by some operations and enables some optimizations by LAPACK. `NonUnit` is a bit of a misnomer. A `NonUnit` matrix can still have a unit diagonal, but in general it has not and no optimizations will take place. ## Infix operators The package provides fancy infix operators like `#*|` and `\*#`. They symbolize both operands and operations. E.g. in `#*|` the hash means Matrix, the star means Multiplication and the bar means Column Vector. Possible operations are: * `a_*_b` - `a` multiplied by `b` * `a_/_b` - `a` multiplied by `inverse b` * `a_\_b` - `inverse a` multiplied by `b` Possible operands are: * `#` - a matrix that is generalized through a type class * `##` - a full matrix * `\` - a diagonal matrix represented by a `Vector` * `-` - a row vector * `|` - a column vector * `.` - a scalar For multiplication of equally shaped matrices we also provide instances of `Semigroup.<>`. Precedence of the operators is chosen analogously to plain `*` and `/`. Associativity is chosen such that the same operator can be applied multiple times without parentheses. But sometimes this may mean that you have to mix left and right associative operators, and thus you may still need parentheses.