----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- | -- Module : Documentation.SBV.Examples.Lists.BoundedMutex -- Author : Levent Erkok -- License : BSD3 -- Maintainer: erkokl@gmail.com -- Stability : experimental -- -- Demonstrates use of bounded list utilities, proving a simple -- mutex algorithm correct up to given bounds. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- {-# LANGUAGE DeriveAnyClass #-} {-# LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable #-} {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedLists #-} {-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-} {-# LANGUAGE StandaloneDeriving #-} {-# LANGUAGE TemplateHaskell #-} module Documentation.SBV.Examples.Lists.BoundedMutex where import Data.SBV import Data.SBV.Control import Data.SBV.List ((.!!)) import qualified Data.SBV.List as L import qualified Data.SBV.Tools.BoundedList as L -- | Each agent can be in one of the three states data State = Idle -- ^ Regular work | Ready -- ^ Intention to enter critical state | Critical -- ^ In the critical state -- | Make 'State' a symbolic enumeration mkSymbolicEnumeration ''State -- | The type synonym 'SState' is mnemonic for symbolic state. type SState = SBV State -- | Symbolic version of 'Idle' idle :: SState idle = literal Idle -- | Symbolic version of 'Ready' ready :: SState ready = literal Ready -- | Symbolic version of 'Critical' critical :: SState critical = literal Critical -- | A bounded mutex property holds for two sequences of state transitions, if they are not in -- their critical section at the same time up to that given bound. mutex :: Int -> SList State -> SList State -> SBool mutex i p1s p2s = L.band i $ L.bzipWith i (\p1 p2 -> p1 ./= critical .|| p2 ./= critical) p1s p2s -- | A sequence is valid upto a bound if it starts at 'Idle', and follows the mutex rules. That is: -- -- * From 'Idle' it can switch to 'Ready' or stay 'Idle' -- * From 'Ready' it can switch to 'Critical' if it's its turn -- * From 'Critical' it can either stay in 'Critical' or go back to 'Idle' -- -- The variable @me@ identifies the agent id. validSequence :: Int -> Integer -> SList Integer -> SList State -> SBool validSequence b me pturns proc = sAnd [ L.length proc .== fromIntegral b , idle .== L.head proc , check b pturns proc idle ] where check 0 _ _ _ = sTrue check i ts ps prev = let (cur, rest) = L.uncons ps (turn, turns) = L.uncons ts ok = ite (prev .== idle) (cur `sElem` [idle, ready]) $ ite (prev .== ready .&& turn .== literal me) (cur `sElem` [critical]) $ ite (prev .== critical) (cur `sElem` [critical, idle]) $ (cur `sElem` [prev]) in ok .&& check (i-1) turns rest cur -- | The mutex algorithm, coded implicity as an assignment to turns. Turns start at @1@, and at each stage is either -- @1@ or @2@; giving preference to that process. The only condition is that if either process is in its critical -- section, then the turn value stays the same. Note that this is sufficient to satisfy safety (i.e., mutual -- exclusion), though it does not guarantee liveness. validTurns :: Int -> SList Integer -> SList State -> SList State -> SBool validTurns b turns process1 process2 = sAnd [ L.length turns .== fromIntegral b , 1 .== L.head turns , check b turns process1 process2 1 ] where check 0 _ _ _ _ = sTrue check i ts proc1 proc2 prev = cur `sElem` [1, 2] .&& (p1 .== critical .|| p2 .== critical .=> cur .== prev) .&& check (i-1) rest p1s p2s cur where (cur, rest) = L.uncons ts (p1, p1s) = L.uncons proc1 (p2, p2s) = L.uncons proc2 -- | Check that we have the mutex property so long as 'validSequence' and 'validTurns' holds; i.e., -- so long as both the agents and the arbiter act according to the rules. The check is bounded up-to-the -- given concrete bound; so this is an example of a bounded-model-checking style proof. We have: -- -- >>> checkMutex 20 -- All is good! checkMutex :: Int -> IO () checkMutex b = runSMT $ do p1 :: SList State <- sList "p1" p2 :: SList State <- sList "p2" turns :: SList Integer <- sList "turns" -- Ensure that both sequences and the turns are valid constrain $ validSequence b 1 turns p1 constrain $ validSequence b 2 turns p2 constrain $ validTurns b turns p1 p2 -- Try to assert that mutex does not hold. If we get a -- counter example, we would've found a violation! constrain $ sNot $ mutex b p1 p2 query $ do cs <- checkSat case cs of Unk -> error "Solver said Unknown!" Unsat -> io . putStrLn $ "All is good!" Sat -> do io . putStrLn $ "Violation detected!" do p1V <- getValue p1 p2V <- getValue p2 ts <- getValue turns io . putStrLn $ "P1: " ++ show p1V io . putStrLn $ "P2: " ++ show p2V io . putStrLn $ "Ts: " ++ show ts -- | Our algorithm is correct, but it is not fair. It does not guarantee that a process that -- wants to enter its critical-section will always do so eventually. Demonstrate this by -- trying to show a bounded trace of length 10, such that the second process is ready but -- never transitions to critical. We have: -- -- > ghci> notFair 10 -- > Fairness is violated at bound: 10 -- > P1: [Idle,Idle,Ready,Critical,Idle,Idle,Ready,Critical,Idle,Idle] -- > P2: [Idle,Ready,Ready,Ready,Ready,Ready,Ready,Ready,Ready,Ready] -- > Ts: [1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] -- -- As expected, P2 gets ready but never goes critical since the arbiter keeps picking -- P1 unfairly. (You might get a different trace depending on what z3 happens to produce!) -- -- Exercise for the reader: Change the 'validTurns' function so that it alternates the turns -- from the previous value if neither process is in critical. Show that this makes the 'notFair' -- function below no longer exhibits the issue. Is this sufficient? Concurrent programming is tricky! notFair :: Int -> IO () notFair b = runSMT $ do p1 :: SList State <- sList "p1" p2 :: SList State <- sList "p2" turns :: SList Integer <- sList "turns" -- Ensure that both sequences and the turns are valid constrain $ validSequence b 1 turns p1 constrain $ validSequence b 2 turns p2 constrain $ validTurns b turns p1 p2 -- Ensure that the second process becomes ready in the second cycle: constrain $ p2 .!! 1 .== ready -- Find a trace where p2 never goes critical -- counter example, we would've found a violation! constrain $ sNot $ L.belem b critical p2 query $ do cs <- checkSat case cs of Unk -> error "Solver said Unknown!" Unsat -> error "Solver couldn't find a violating trace!" Sat -> do io . putStrLn $ "Fairness is violated at bound: " ++ show b do p1V <- getValue p1 p2V <- getValue p2 ts <- getValue turns io . putStrLn $ "P1: " ++ show p1V io . putStrLn $ "P2: " ++ show p2V io . putStrLn $ "Ts: " ++ show ts {-# ANN module ("HLint: ignore Reduce duplication" :: String) #-}