sbv-8.7: SMT Based Verification: Symbolic Haskell theorem prover using SMT solving.

Copyright (c) Levent Erkok BSD3 erkokl@gmail.com experimental None Haskell2010

Documentation.SBV.Examples.Misc.Floating

Description

Several examples involving IEEE-754 floating point numbers, i.e., single precision Float (SFloat) and double precision Double (SDouble) types.

Note that arithmetic with floating point is full of surprises; due to precision issues associativity of arithmetic operations typically do not hold. Also, the presence of NaN is always something to look out for.

Synopsis

# FP addition is not associative

Prove that floating point addition is not associative. For illustration purposes, we will require one of the inputs to be a NaN. We have:

>>> prove $assocPlus (0/0) Falsifiable. Counter-example: s0 = 0.0 :: Float s1 = 0.0 :: Float  Indeed: >>> let i = 0/0 :: Float >>> i + (0.0 + 0.0) NaN >>> ((i + 0.0) + 0.0) NaN  But keep in mind that NaN does not equal itself in the floating point world! We have: >>> let nan = 0/0 :: Float in nan == nan False  Prove that addition is not associative, even if we ignore NaN/Infinity values. To do this, we use the predicate fpIsPoint, which is true of a floating point number (SFloat or SDouble) if it is neither NaN nor Infinity. (That is, it's a representable point in the real-number line.) We have: >>> assocPlusRegular Falsifiable. Counter-example: x = 128.00029 :: Float y = -7.27236e-4 :: Float z = -6.875994e-3 :: Float  Indeed, we have: >>> let x = 128.00029 :: Float >>> let y = -7.27236e-4 :: Float >>> let z = -6.875994e-3 :: Float >>> x + (y + z) 127.99268 >>> (x + y) + z 127.99269  Note the difference in the results! # FP addition by non-zero can result in no change Demonstrate that a+b = a does not necessarily mean b is 0 in the floating point world, even when we disallow the obvious solution when a and b are Infinity. We have: >>> nonZeroAddition Falsifiable. Counter-example: a = 5.060287e28 :: Float b = 3.6780381e19 :: Float  Indeed, we have: >>> let a = 5.060287e28 :: Float >>> let b = 3.6780381e19 :: Float >>> a + b == a True >>> b == 0 False  # FP multiplicative inverses may not exist This example illustrates that a * (1/a) does not necessarily equal 1. Again, we protect against division by 0 and NaN/Infinity. We have: >>> multInverse Falsifiable. Counter-example: a = 2.4907063e38 :: Float  Indeed, we have: >>> let a = 2.4907063e38 :: Float >>> a * (1/a) 1.0000001  # Effect of rounding modes One interesting aspect of floating-point is that the chosen rounding-mode can effect the results of a computation if the exact result cannot be precisely represented. SBV exports the functions fpAdd, fpSub, fpMul, fpDiv, fpFMA and fpSqrt which allows users to specify the IEEE supported RoundingMode for the operation. This example illustrates how SBV can be used to find rounding-modes where, for instance, addition can produce different results. We have: >>> roundingAdd Satisfiable. Model: rm = RoundTowardPositive :: RoundingMode x = -2.3509886e-38 :: Float y = -6.0e-45 :: Float  (Note that depending on your version of Z3, you might get a different result.) Unfortunately we can't directly validate this result at the Haskell level, as Haskell only supports RoundNearestTiesToEven. We have: >>> -2.3509886e-38 + (-6.0e-45) :: Float -2.3509893e-38  While we cannot directly see the result when the mode is RoundTowardPositive in Haskell, we can use SBV to provide us with that result thusly: >>> sat$ \z -> z .== fpAdd sRoundTowardPositive (-2.3509886e-38) (-6.0e-45 :: SFloat)
Satisfiable. Model:
s0 = -2.350989e-38 :: Float


We can see why these two resuls are indeed different: The RoundTowardPositive (which rounds towards positive infinity from zero) produces a larger result. Indeed, if we treat these numbers as Double values, we get:

> -2.3509886e-38 + (-6.0e-45) :: Double
• 2.3509892e-38

we see that the "more precise" result is larger than what the Float value is, justifying the larger value with RoundTowardPositive. A more detailed study is beyond our current scope, so we'll merely note that floating point representation and semantics is indeed a thorny subject, and point to http://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~dwharder/NumericalAnalysis/02Numerics/Double/paper.pdf as an excellent guide.