module Data.Vect.Flt.Base where
import Control.Monad
import System.Random
import Foreign
class AbelianGroup g where
(&+) :: g -> g -> g
(&-) :: g -> g -> g
neg :: g -> g
zero :: g
infixl 6 &+
infixl 6 &-
vecSum :: AbelianGroup g => [g] -> g
vecSum l = foldl (&+) zero l
class (AbelianGroup r) =>
Ring r where
(.*.) :: r -> r -> r
one :: r
infixl 7 .*.
ringProduct :: Ring r => [r] -> r
ringProduct l = foldl (.*.) one l
class LeftModule r m where
lmul :: r -> m -> m
(*.) :: r -> m -> m
(*.) = lmul
class RightModule m r where
rmul :: m -> r -> m
(.*) :: m -> r -> m
(.*) = rmul
infixr 7 *.
infixl 7 .*
class AbelianGroup v => Vector v where
mapVec :: (Flt -> Flt) -> v -> v
scalarMul :: Flt -> v -> v
(*&) :: Flt -> v -> v
(&*) :: v -> Flt -> v
(*&) s v = scalarMul s v
(&*) v s = scalarMul s v
infixr 7 *&
infixl 7 &*
class DotProd v where
(&.) :: v -> v -> Flt
norm :: v -> Flt
normsqr :: v -> Flt
len :: v -> Flt
lensqr :: v -> Flt
len = norm
lensqr = normsqr
dotprod :: v -> v -> Flt
normsqr v = (v &. v)
norm = sqrt.lensqr
dotprod = (&.)
infix 7 &.
normalize :: (Vector v, DotProd v) => v -> v
normalize v = scalarMul (1.0/(len v)) v
distance :: (Vector v, DotProd v) => v -> v -> Flt
distance x y = norm (x &- y)
angle :: (Vector v, DotProd v) => v -> v -> Flt
angle x y = acos $ (x &. y) / (norm x * norm y)
angle' :: (Vector v, UnitVector v u, DotProd v) => u -> u -> Flt
angle' x y = acos (fromNormal x &. fromNormal y)
class (Vector v, DotProd v) => UnitVector v u | v->u, u->v where
mkNormal :: v -> u
toNormalUnsafe :: v -> u
fromNormal :: u -> v
fromNormalRadius :: Flt -> u -> v
fromNormalRadius t n = t *& fromNormal n
project' :: (Vector v, UnitVector v u, DotProd v) => v -> u -> v
project' what dir = projectUnsafe what (fromNormal dir)
projectUnsafe :: (Vector v, DotProd v) => v -> v -> v
projectUnsafe what dir = what &- dir &* (what &. dir)
project :: (Vector v, DotProd v) => v -> v -> v
project what dir = what &- dir &* ((what &. dir) / (dir &. dir))
flipNormal :: UnitVector v n => n -> n
flipNormal = toNormalUnsafe . neg . fromNormal
class CrossProd v where
crossprod :: v -> v -> v
(&^) :: v -> v -> v
(&^) = crossprod
class Pointwise v where
pointwise :: v -> v -> v
(&!) :: v -> v -> v
(&!) = pointwise
infix 7 &^
infix 7 &!
class HasCoordinates v x | v->x where
_1 :: v -> x
_2 :: v -> x
_3 :: v -> x
_4 :: v -> x
class Extend u v where
extendZero :: u -> v
extendWith :: Flt -> u -> v
trim :: v -> u
class Diagonal s t | t->s where
diag :: s -> t
class Matrix m where
transpose :: m -> m
inverse :: m -> m
idmtx :: m
class Tensor t v | t->v where
outer :: v -> v -> t
class Determinant m where
det :: m -> Flt
data Vec2 = Vec2 !Flt !Flt
deriving (Read,Show)
data Vec3 = Vec3 !Flt !Flt !Flt
deriving (Read,Show)
data Vec4 = Vec4 !Flt !Flt !Flt !Flt
deriving (Read,Show)
data Mat2 = Mat2 !Vec2 !Vec2 deriving (Read,Show)
data Mat3 = Mat3 !Vec3 !Vec3 !Vec3 deriving (Read,Show)
data Mat4 = Mat4 !Vec4 !Vec4 !Vec4 !Vec4 deriving (Read,Show)
newtype Normal2 = Normal2 Vec2 deriving (Read,Show,DotProd,Storable)
newtype Normal3 = Normal3 Vec3 deriving (Read,Show,DotProd,Storable,CrossProd)
newtype Normal4 = Normal4 Vec4 deriving (Read,Show,DotProd,Storable)
mkVec2 :: (Flt,Flt) -> Vec2
mkVec3 :: (Flt,Flt,Flt) -> Vec3
mkVec4 :: (Flt,Flt,Flt,Flt) -> Vec4
mkVec2 (x,y) = Vec2 x y
mkVec3 (x,y,z) = Vec3 x y z
mkVec4 (x,y,z,w) = Vec4 x y z w
instance UnitVector Vec2 Normal2 where
mkNormal v = Normal2 (normalize v)
fromNormal (Normal2 v) = v
toNormalUnsafe = Normal2
instance UnitVector Vec3 Normal3 where
mkNormal v = Normal3 (normalize v)
fromNormal (Normal3 v) = v
toNormalUnsafe = Normal3
instance UnitVector Vec4 Normal4 where
mkNormal v = Normal4 (normalize v)
fromNormal (Normal4 v) = v
toNormalUnsafe = Normal4
rndUnit :: (RandomGen g, Random v, Vector v, DotProd v) => g -> (v,g)
rndUnit g =
if d > 0.01
then ( v &* (1.0/d) , h )
else rndUnit h
where
(v,h) = random g
d = norm v
instance Random Normal2 where
random g = let (v,h) = rndUnit g in (Normal2 v, h)
randomR _ = random
instance Random Normal3 where
random g = let (v,h) = rndUnit g in (Normal3 v, h)
randomR _ = random
instance Random Normal4 where
random g = let (v,h) = rndUnit g in (Normal4 v, h)
randomR _ = random
instance HasCoordinates Vec2 Flt where
_1 (Vec2 x _) = x
_2 (Vec2 _ y) = y
_3 _ = error "has only 2 coordinates"
_4 _ = error "has only 2 coordinates"
instance AbelianGroup Vec2 where
(&+) (Vec2 x1 y1) (Vec2 x2 y2) = Vec2 (x1+x2) (y1+y2)
(&-) (Vec2 x1 y1) (Vec2 x2 y2) = Vec2 (x1x2) (y1y2)
neg (Vec2 x y) = Vec2 (x) (y)
zero = Vec2 0 0
instance Vector Vec2 where
scalarMul s (Vec2 x y) = Vec2 (s*x) (s*y)
mapVec f (Vec2 x y) = Vec2 (f x) (f y)
instance DotProd Vec2 where
(&.) (Vec2 x1 y1) (Vec2 x2 y2) = x1*x2 + y1*y2
instance Pointwise Vec2 where
pointwise (Vec2 x1 y1) (Vec2 x2 y2) = Vec2 (x1*x2) (y1*y2)
instance Determinant (Vec2,Vec2) where
det (Vec2 x1 y1 , Vec2 x2 y2) = x1*y2 x2*y1
instance Random Vec2 where
random = randomR (Vec2 (1) (1),Vec2 1 1)
randomR (Vec2 a b, Vec2 c d) gen =
let (x,gen1) = randomR (a,c) gen
(y,gen2) = randomR (b,d) gen1
in (Vec2 x y, gen2)
instance Storable Vec2 where
sizeOf _ = 2 * sizeOf (undefined::Flt)
alignment _ = sizeOf (undefined::Flt)
peek q = do
let p = castPtr q :: Ptr Flt
k = sizeOf (undefined::Flt)
x <- peek p
y <- peekByteOff p k
return (Vec2 x y)
poke q (Vec2 x y) = do
let p = castPtr q :: Ptr Flt
k = sizeOf (undefined::Flt)
poke p x
pokeByteOff p k y
instance HasCoordinates Mat2 Vec2 where
_1 (Mat2 x _) = x
_2 (Mat2 _ y) = y
_3 _ = error "has only 2 coordinates"
_4 _ = error "has only 2 coordinates"
instance Matrix Mat2 where
transpose (Mat2 row1 row2) =
Mat2 (Vec2 (_1 row1) (_1 row2))
(Vec2 (_2 row1) (_2 row2))
idmtx = Mat2 (Vec2 1 0) (Vec2 0 1)
inverse (Mat2 (Vec2 a b) (Vec2 c d)) =
Mat2 (Vec2 (d*r) (b*r)) (Vec2 (c*r) (a*r))
where r = 1.0 / (a*d b*c)
instance AbelianGroup Mat2 where
(&+) (Mat2 r1 r2) (Mat2 s1 s2) = Mat2 (r1 &+ s1) (r2 &+ s2)
(&-) (Mat2 r1 r2) (Mat2 s1 s2) = Mat2 (r1 &- s1) (r2 &- s2)
neg (Mat2 r1 r2) = Mat2 (neg r1) (neg r2)
zero = Mat2 zero zero
instance Vector Mat2 where
scalarMul s (Mat2 r1 r2) = Mat2 (g r1) (g r2) where g = scalarMul s
mapVec f (Mat2 r1 r2) = Mat2 (g r1) (g r2) where g = mapVec f
instance Ring Mat2 where
(.*.) (Mat2 r1 r2) n =
let (Mat2 c1 c2) = transpose n
in Mat2 (Vec2 (r1 &. c1) (r1 &. c2))
(Vec2 (r2 &. c1) (r2 &. c2))
one = idmtx
instance LeftModule Mat2 Vec2 where
lmul (Mat2 row1 row2) v = Vec2 (row1 &. v) (row2 &. v)
instance RightModule Vec2 Mat2 where
rmul v mt = lmul (transpose mt) v
instance Diagonal Vec2 Mat2 where
diag (Vec2 x y) = Mat2 (Vec2 x 0) (Vec2 0 y)
instance Tensor Mat2 Vec2 where
outer (Vec2 a b) (Vec2 x y) = Mat2
(Vec2 (a*x) (a*y))
(Vec2 (b*x) (b*y))
instance Determinant Mat2 where
det (Mat2 (Vec2 a b) (Vec2 c d)) = a*d b*c
instance Storable Mat2 where
sizeOf _ = 2 * sizeOf (undefined::Vec2)
alignment _ = alignment (undefined::Vec2)
peek q = do
let p = castPtr q :: Ptr Vec2
k = sizeOf (undefined::Vec2)
r1 <- peek p
r2 <- peekByteOff p k
return (Mat2 r1 r2)
poke q (Mat2 r1 r2) = do
let p = castPtr q :: Ptr Vec2
k = sizeOf (undefined::Vec2)
poke p r1
pokeByteOff p k r2
instance HasCoordinates Vec3 Flt where
_1 (Vec3 x _ _) = x
_2 (Vec3 _ y _) = y
_3 (Vec3 _ _ z) = z
_4 _ = error "has only 3 coordinates"
instance AbelianGroup Vec3 where
(&+) (Vec3 x1 y1 z1) (Vec3 x2 y2 z2) = Vec3 (x1+x2) (y1+y2) (z1+z2)
(&-) (Vec3 x1 y1 z1) (Vec3 x2 y2 z2) = Vec3 (x1x2) (y1y2) (z1z2)
neg (Vec3 x y z) = Vec3 (x) (y) (z)
zero = Vec3 0 0 0
instance Vector Vec3 where
scalarMul s (Vec3 x y z) = Vec3 (s*x) (s*y) (s*z)
mapVec f (Vec3 x y z) = Vec3 (f x) (f y) (f z)
instance DotProd Vec3 where
(&.) (Vec3 x1 y1 z1) (Vec3 x2 y2 z2) = x1*x2 + y1*y2 + z1*z2
instance Pointwise Vec3 where
pointwise (Vec3 x1 y1 z1) (Vec3 x2 y2 z2) = Vec3 (x1*x2) (y1*y2) (z1*z2)
instance Random Vec3 where
random = randomR (Vec3 (1) (1) (1),Vec3 1 1 1)
randomR (Vec3 a b c, Vec3 d e f) gen =
let (x,gen1) = randomR (a,d) gen
(y,gen2) = randomR (b,e) gen1
(z,gen3) = randomR (c,f) gen2
in (Vec3 x y z, gen3)
instance CrossProd Vec3 where
crossprod (Vec3 x1 y1 z1) (Vec3 x2 y2 z2) = Vec3 (y1*z2y2*z1) (z1*x2z2*x1) (x1*y2x2*y1)
instance Determinant (Vec3,Vec3,Vec3) where
det (u,v,w) = u &. (v &^ w)
instance Storable Vec3 where
sizeOf _ = 3 * sizeOf (undefined::Flt)
alignment _ = sizeOf (undefined::Flt)
peek q = do
let p = castPtr q :: Ptr Flt
k = sizeOf (undefined::Flt)
x <- peek p
y <- peekByteOff p (k )
z <- peekByteOff p (k+k)
return (Vec3 x y z)
poke q (Vec3 x y z) = do
let p = castPtr q :: Ptr Flt
k = sizeOf (undefined::Flt)
poke p x
pokeByteOff p (k ) y
pokeByteOff p (k+k) z
instance HasCoordinates Mat3 Vec3 where
_1 (Mat3 x _ _) = x
_2 (Mat3 _ y _) = y
_3 (Mat3 _ _ z) = z
_4 _ = error "has only 3 coordinates"
instance Matrix Mat3 where
transpose (Mat3 row1 row2 row3) =
Mat3 (Vec3 (_1 row1) (_1 row2) (_1 row3))
(Vec3 (_2 row1) (_2 row2) (_2 row3))
(Vec3 (_3 row1) (_3 row2) (_3 row3))
idmtx = Mat3 (Vec3 1 0 0) (Vec3 0 1 0) (Vec3 0 0 1)
inverse (Mat3 (Vec3 a b c) (Vec3 e f g) (Vec3 i j k)) =
Mat3 (Vec3 (d11*r) (d21*r) (d31*r))
(Vec3 (d12*r) (d22*r) (d32*r))
(Vec3 (d13*r) (d23*r) (d33*r))
where
r = 1.0 / ( a*d11 + b*d12 + c*d13 )
d11 = f*k g*j
d12 = g*i e*k
d13 = e*j f*i
d31 = b*g c*f
d32 = c*e a*g
d33 = a*f b*e
d21 = c*j b*k
d22 = a*k c*i
d23 = b*i a*j
instance AbelianGroup Mat3 where
(&+) (Mat3 r1 r2 r3) (Mat3 s1 s2 s3) = Mat3 (r1 &+ s1) (r2 &+ s2) (r3 &+ s3)
(&-) (Mat3 r1 r2 r3) (Mat3 s1 s2 s3) = Mat3 (r1 &- s1) (r2 &- s2) (r3 &- s3)
neg (Mat3 r1 r2 r3) = Mat3 (neg r1) (neg r2) (neg r3)
zero = Mat3 zero zero zero
instance Vector Mat3 where
scalarMul s (Mat3 r1 r2 r3) = Mat3 (g r1) (g r2) (g r3) where g = scalarMul s
mapVec f (Mat3 r1 r2 r3) = Mat3 (g r1) (g r2) (g r3) where g = mapVec f
instance Ring Mat3 where
(.*.) (Mat3 r1 r2 r3) n =
let (Mat3 c1 c2 c3) = transpose n
in Mat3 (Vec3 (r1 &. c1) (r1 &. c2) (r1 &. c3))
(Vec3 (r2 &. c1) (r2 &. c2) (r2 &. c3))
(Vec3 (r3 &. c1) (r3 &. c2) (r3 &. c3))
one = idmtx
instance LeftModule Mat3 Vec3 where
lmul (Mat3 row1 row2 row3) v = Vec3 (row1 &. v) (row2 &. v) (row3 &. v)
instance RightModule Vec3 Mat3 where
rmul v mt = lmul (transpose mt) v
instance Diagonal Vec3 Mat3 where
diag (Vec3 x y z) = Mat3 (Vec3 x 0 0) (Vec3 0 y 0) (Vec3 0 0 z)
instance Tensor Mat3 Vec3 where
outer (Vec3 a b c) (Vec3 x y z) = Mat3
(Vec3 (a*x) (a*y) (a*z))
(Vec3 (b*x) (b*y) (b*z))
(Vec3 (c*x) (c*y) (c*z))
instance Determinant Mat3 where
det (Mat3 r1 r2 r3) = det (r1,r2,r3)
instance Storable Mat3 where
sizeOf _ = 3 * sizeOf (undefined::Vec3)
alignment _ = alignment (undefined::Vec3)
peek q = do
let p = castPtr q :: Ptr Vec3
k = sizeOf (undefined::Vec3)
r1 <- peek p
r2 <- peekByteOff p (k )
r3 <- peekByteOff p (k+k)
return (Mat3 r1 r2 r3)
poke q (Mat3 r1 r2 r3) = do
let p = castPtr q :: Ptr Vec3
k = sizeOf (undefined::Vec3)
poke p r1
pokeByteOff p (k ) r2
pokeByteOff p (k+k) r3
instance HasCoordinates Vec4 Flt where
_1 (Vec4 x _ _ _) = x
_2 (Vec4 _ y _ _) = y
_3 (Vec4 _ _ z _) = z
_4 (Vec4 _ _ _ w) = w
instance AbelianGroup Vec4 where
(&+) (Vec4 x1 y1 z1 w1) (Vec4 x2 y2 z2 w2) = Vec4 (x1+x2) (y1+y2) (z1+z2) (w1+w2)
(&-) (Vec4 x1 y1 z1 w1) (Vec4 x2 y2 z2 w2) = Vec4 (x1x2) (y1y2) (z1z2) (w1w2)
neg (Vec4 x y z w) = Vec4 (x) (y) (z) (w)
zero = Vec4 0 0 0 0
instance Vector Vec4 where
scalarMul s (Vec4 x y z w) = Vec4 (s*x) (s*y) (s*z) (s*w)
mapVec f (Vec4 x y z w) = Vec4 (f x) (f y) (f z) (f w)
instance DotProd Vec4 where
(&.) (Vec4 x1 y1 z1 w1) (Vec4 x2 y2 z2 w2) = x1*x2 + y1*y2 + z1*z2 + w1*w2
instance Pointwise Vec4 where
pointwise (Vec4 x1 y1 z1 w1) (Vec4 x2 y2 z2 w2) = Vec4 (x1*x2) (y1*y2) (z1*z2) (w1*w2)
instance Random Vec4 where
random = randomR (Vec4 (1) (1) (1) (1),Vec4 1 1 1 1)
randomR (Vec4 a b c d, Vec4 e f g h) gen =
let (x,gen1) = randomR (a,e) gen
(y,gen2) = randomR (b,f) gen1
(z,gen3) = randomR (c,g) gen2
(w,gen4) = randomR (d,h) gen3
in (Vec4 x y z w, gen4)
instance Storable Vec4 where
sizeOf _ = 4 * sizeOf (undefined::Flt)
alignment _ = sizeOf (undefined::Flt)
peek q = do
let p = castPtr q :: Ptr Flt
k = sizeOf (undefined::Flt)
x <- peek p
y <- peekByteOff p (k )
z <- peekByteOff p (k+k)
w <- peekByteOff p (3*k)
return (Vec4 x y z w)
poke q (Vec4 x y z w) = do
let p = castPtr q :: Ptr Flt
k = sizeOf (undefined::Flt)
poke p x
pokeByteOff p (k ) y
pokeByteOff p (k+k) z
pokeByteOff p (3*k) w
instance HasCoordinates Mat4 Vec4 where
_1 (Mat4 x _ _ _) = x
_2 (Mat4 _ y _ _) = y
_3 (Mat4 _ _ z _) = z
_4 (Mat4 _ _ _ w) = w
instance Matrix Mat4 where
transpose (Mat4 row1 row2 row3 row4) =
Mat4 (Vec4 (_1 row1) (_1 row2) (_1 row3) (_1 row4))
(Vec4 (_2 row1) (_2 row2) (_2 row3) (_2 row4))
(Vec4 (_3 row1) (_3 row2) (_3 row3) (_3 row4))
(Vec4 (_4 row1) (_4 row2) (_4 row3) (_4 row4))
idmtx = Mat4 (Vec4 1 0 0 0) (Vec4 0 1 0 0) (Vec4 0 0 1 0) (Vec4 0 0 0 1)
inverse = error "inverse/Mat4: not implemented yet"
instance AbelianGroup Mat4 where
(&+) (Mat4 r1 r2 r3 r4) (Mat4 s1 s2 s3 s4) = Mat4 (r1 &+ s1) (r2 &+ s2) (r3 &+ s3) (r4 &+ s4)
(&-) (Mat4 r1 r2 r3 r4) (Mat4 s1 s2 s3 s4) = Mat4 (r1 &- s1) (r2 &- s2) (r3 &- s3) (r4 &- s4)
neg (Mat4 r1 r2 r3 r4) = Mat4 (neg r1) (neg r2) (neg r3) (neg r4)
zero = Mat4 zero zero zero zero
instance Vector Mat4 where
scalarMul s (Mat4 r1 r2 r3 r4) = Mat4 (g r1) (g r2) (g r3) (g r4) where g = scalarMul s
mapVec f (Mat4 r1 r2 r3 r4) = Mat4 (g r1) (g r2) (g r3) (g r4) where g = mapVec f
instance Ring Mat4 where
(.*.) (Mat4 r1 r2 r3 r4) n =
let (Mat4 c1 c2 c3 c4) = transpose n
in Mat4 (Vec4 (r1 &. c1) (r1 &. c2) (r1 &. c3) (r1 &. c4))
(Vec4 (r2 &. c1) (r2 &. c2) (r2 &. c3) (r2 &. c4))
(Vec4 (r3 &. c1) (r3 &. c2) (r3 &. c3) (r3 &. c4))
(Vec4 (r4 &. c1) (r4 &. c2) (r4 &. c3) (r4 &. c4))
one = idmtx
instance LeftModule Mat4 Vec4 where
lmul (Mat4 row1 row2 row3 row4) v = Vec4 (row1 &. v) (row2 &. v) (row3 &. v) (row4 &. v)
instance RightModule Vec4 Mat4 where
rmul v mt = lmul (transpose mt) v
instance Diagonal Vec4 Mat4 where
diag (Vec4 x y z w) = Mat4 (Vec4 x 0 0 0) (Vec4 0 y 0 0) (Vec4 0 0 z 0) (Vec4 0 0 0 w)
instance Tensor Mat4 Vec4 where
outer (Vec4 a b c d) (Vec4 x y z w) = Mat4
(Vec4 (a*x) (a*y) (a*z) (a*w))
(Vec4 (b*x) (b*y) (b*z) (b*w))
(Vec4 (c*x) (c*y) (c*z) (c*w))
(Vec4 (d*x) (d*y) (d*z) (d*w))
instance Storable Mat4 where
sizeOf _ = 4 * sizeOf (undefined::Vec4)
alignment _ = alignment (undefined::Vec4)
peek q = do
let p = castPtr q :: Ptr Vec4
k = sizeOf (undefined::Vec4)
r1 <- peek p
r2 <- peekByteOff p (k )
r3 <- peekByteOff p (k+k)
r4 <- peekByteOff p (3*k)
return (Mat4 r1 r2 r3 r4)
poke q (Mat4 r1 r2 r3 r4) = do
let p = castPtr q :: Ptr Vec4
k = sizeOf (undefined::Vec4)
poke p r1
pokeByteOff p (k ) r2
pokeByteOff p (k+k) r3
pokeByteOff p (3*k) r4
instance Extend Vec2 Vec3 where
extendZero (Vec2 x y) = Vec3 x y 0
extendWith t (Vec2 x y) = Vec3 x y t
trim (Vec3 x y _) = Vec2 x y
instance Extend Vec2 Vec4 where
extendZero (Vec2 x y) = Vec4 x y 0 0
extendWith t (Vec2 x y) = Vec4 x y t t
trim (Vec4 x y _ _) = Vec2 x y
instance Extend Vec3 Vec4 where
extendZero (Vec3 x y z) = Vec4 x y z 0
extendWith t (Vec3 x y z) = Vec4 x y z t
trim (Vec4 x y z _) = Vec3 x y z
instance Extend Mat2 Mat3 where
extendZero (Mat2 p q) = Mat3 (extendZero p) (extendZero q) zero
extendWith _ _ = error "extendWith is meaningless for matrices"
trim (Mat3 p q _) = Mat2 (trim p) (trim q)
instance Extend Mat2 Mat4 where
extendZero (Mat2 p q) = Mat4 (extendZero p) (extendZero q) zero zero
extendWith _ _ = error "extendWith is meaningless for matrices"
trim (Mat4 p q _ _) = Mat2 (trim p) (trim q)
instance Extend Mat3 Mat4 where
extendZero (Mat3 p q r) = Mat4 (extendZero p) (extendZero q) (extendZero r) zero
extendWith _ _ = error "extendWith is meaningless for matrices"
trim (Mat4 p q r _) = Mat3 (trim p) (trim q) (trim r)