ad-3.4: Automatic Differentiation

PortabilityGHC only
Stabilityexperimental
Maintainerekmett@gmail.com
Safe HaskellNone

Numeric.AD

Contents

Description

Mixed-Mode Automatic Differentiation.

Each combinator exported from this module chooses an appropriate AD mode. The following basic operations are supported, modified as appropriate by the suffixes below:

  • grad computes the gradient (partial derivatives) of a function at a point
  • jacobian computes the Jacobian matrix of a function at a point
  • diff computes the derivative of a function at a point
  • du computes a directional derivative of a function at a point
  • hessian compute the Hessian matrix (matrix of second partial derivatives) of a function at a point

The suffixes have the following meanings:

  • ' -- also return the answer
  • With lets the user supply a function to blend the input with the output
  • F is a version of the base function lifted to return a Traversable (or Functor) result
  • s means the function returns all higher derivatives in a list or f-branching Stream
  • T means the result is transposed with respect to the traditional formulation.
  • 0 means that the resulting derivative list is padded with 0s at the end.

Synopsis

Gradients (Reverse Mode)

grad :: (Traversable f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f a -> f aSource

The grad function calculates the gradient of a non-scalar-to-scalar function with reverse-mode AD in a single pass.

>>> grad (\[x,y,z] -> x*y+z) [1,2,3]
[2,1,1]

grad' :: (Traversable f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f a -> (a, f a)Source

The grad' function calculates the result and gradient of a non-scalar-to-scalar function with reverse-mode AD in a single pass.

>>> grad' (\[x,y,z] -> x*y+z) [1,2,3]
(5,[2,1,1])

gradWith :: (Traversable f, Num a) => (a -> a -> b) -> (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f a -> f bSource

grad g f function calculates the gradient of a non-scalar-to-scalar function f with reverse-mode AD in a single pass. The gradient is combined element-wise with the argument using the function g.

 grad == gradWith (_ dx -> dx)
 id == gradWith const

gradWith' :: (Traversable f, Num a) => (a -> a -> b) -> (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f a -> (a, f b)Source

grad' g f calculates the result and gradient of a non-scalar-to-scalar function f with reverse-mode AD in a single pass the gradient is combined element-wise with the argument using the function g.

 grad' == gradWith' (_ dx -> dx)

Higher Order Gradients (Sparse-on-Reverse)

grads :: (Traversable f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f a -> Cofree f aSource

Jacobians (Sparse or Reverse)

jacobian :: (Traversable f, Functor g, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f a -> g (f a)Source

Calculate the Jacobian of a non-scalar-to-non-scalar function, automatically choosing between forward and reverse mode AD based on the number of inputs and outputs.

If you know the relative number of inputs and outputs, consider jacobian or jacobian.

jacobian' :: (Traversable f, Functor g, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f a -> g (a, f a)Source

Calculate both the answer and Jacobian of a non-scalar-to-non-scalar function, automatically choosing between forward- and reverse- mode AD based on the relative, based on the number of inputs

If you know the relative number of inputs and outputs, consider jacobian' or jacobian'.

jacobianWith :: (Traversable f, Functor g, Num a) => (a -> a -> b) -> (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f a -> g (f b)Source

jacobianWith g f calculates the Jacobian of a non-scalar-to-non-scalar function, automatically choosing between forward and reverse mode AD based on the number of inputs and outputs.

The resulting Jacobian matrix is then recombined element-wise with the input using g.

If you know the relative number of inputs and outputs, consider jacobianWith or jacobianWith.

jacobianWith' :: (Traversable f, Functor g, Num a) => (a -> a -> b) -> (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f a -> g (a, f b)Source

jacobianWith' g f calculates the answer and Jacobian of a non-scalar-to-non-scalar function, automatically choosing between sparse and reverse mode AD based on the number of inputs and outputs.

The resulting Jacobian matrix is then recombined element-wise with the input using g.

If you know the relative number of inputs and outputs, consider jacobianWith' or jacobianWith'.

Higher Order Jacobian (Sparse-on-Reverse)

jacobians :: (Traversable f, Functor g, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f a -> g (Cofree f a)Source

Transposed Jacobians (Forward Mode)

jacobianT :: (Traversable f, Functor g, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f a -> f (g a)Source

A fast, simple, transposed Jacobian computed with forward-mode AD.

jacobianWithT :: (Traversable f, Functor g, Num a) => (a -> a -> b) -> (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f a -> f (g b)Source

A fast, simple, transposed Jacobian computed with Forward mode AD that combines the output with the input.

Hessian (Sparse-On-Reverse)

hessian :: (Traversable f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f a -> f (f a)Source

Compute the Hessian via the Jacobian of the gradient. gradient is computed in reverse mode and then the Jacobian is computed in sparse (forward) mode.

hessian' :: (Traversable f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f a -> (a, f (a, f a))Source

Hessian Tensors (Sparse or Sparse-On-Reverse)

hessianF :: (Traversable f, Functor g, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f a -> g (f (f a))Source

Compute the order 3 Hessian tensor on a non-scalar-to-non-scalar function using Sparse or 'Sparse'-on-'Reverse'

Hessian Tensors (Sparse)

hessianF' :: (Traversable f, Functor g, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f a -> g (a, f (a, f a))Source

Hessian Vector Products (Forward-On-Reverse)

hessianProduct :: (Traversable f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f (a, a) -> f aSource

hessianProduct f wv computes the product of the hessian H of a non-scalar-to-scalar function f at w = fst $ wv with a vector v = snd $ wv using "Pearlmutter's method" from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.29.6143, which states:

 H v = (d/dr) grad_w (w + r v) | r = 0

Or in other words, we take the directional derivative of the gradient. The gradient is calculated in reverse mode, then the directional derivative is calculated in forward mode.

hessianProduct' :: (Traversable f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f (a, a) -> f (a, a)Source

hessianProduct' f wv computes both the gradient of a non-scalar-to-scalar f at w = fst $ wv and the product of the hessian H at w with a vector v = snd $ wv using "Pearlmutter's method". The outputs are returned wrapped in the same functor.

 H v = (d/dr) grad_w (w + r v) | r = 0

Or in other words, we return the gradient and the directional derivative of the gradient. The gradient is calculated in reverse mode, then the directional derivative is calculated in forward mode.

Derivatives (Forward Mode)

diff :: Num a => (forall s. Mode s => AD s a -> AD s a) -> a -> aSource

The diff function calculates the first derivative of a scalar-to-scalar function by forward-mode AD

>>> diff sin 0
1.0

diffF :: (Functor f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => AD s a -> f (AD s a)) -> a -> f aSource

The diffF function calculates the first derivatives of scalar-to-nonscalar function by Forward mode AD

>>> diffF (\a -> [sin a, cos a]) 0
[1.0,-0.0]

diff' :: Num a => (forall s. Mode s => AD s a -> AD s a) -> a -> (a, a)Source

The diff' function calculates the result and first derivative of scalar-to-scalar function by Forward mode AD

 diff' sin == sin &&& cos
 diff' f = f &&& d f
>>> diff' sin 0
(0.0,1.0)
>>> diff' exp 0
(1.0,1.0)

diffF' :: (Functor f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => AD s a -> f (AD s a)) -> a -> f (a, a)Source

The diffF' function calculates the result and first derivatives of a scalar-to-non-scalar function by Forward mode AD

>>> diffF' (\a -> [sin a, cos a]) 0
[(0.0,1.0),(1.0,-0.0)]

Derivatives (Tower)

diffs :: Num a => (forall s. Mode s => AD s a -> AD s a) -> a -> [a]Source

diffsF :: (Functor f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => AD s a -> f (AD s a)) -> a -> f [a]Source

diffs0 :: Num a => (forall s. Mode s => AD s a -> AD s a) -> a -> [a]Source

diffs0F :: (Functor f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => AD s a -> f (AD s a)) -> a -> f [a]Source

Directional Derivatives (Forward Mode)

du :: (Functor f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f (a, a) -> aSource

Compute the directional derivative of a function given a zipped up Functor of the input values and their derivatives

du' :: (Functor f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f (a, a) -> (a, a)Source

Compute the answer and directional derivative of a function given a zipped up Functor of the input values and their derivatives

duF :: (Functor f, Functor g, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f (a, a) -> g aSource

Compute a vector of directional derivatives for a function given a zipped up Functor of the input values and their derivatives.

duF' :: (Functor f, Functor g, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f (a, a) -> g (a, a)Source

Compute a vector of answers and directional derivatives for a function given a zipped up Functor of the input values and their derivatives.

Directional Derivatives (Tower)

dus :: (Functor f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f [a] -> [a]Source

dus0 :: (Functor f, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f [a] -> [a]Source

dusF :: (Functor f, Functor g, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f [a] -> g [a]Source

dus0F :: (Functor f, Functor g, Num a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> g (AD s a)) -> f [a] -> g [a]Source

Taylor Series (Tower)

taylor :: Fractional a => (forall s. Mode s => AD s a -> AD s a) -> a -> a -> [a]Source

taylor0 :: Fractional a => (forall s. Mode s => AD s a -> AD s a) -> a -> a -> [a]Source

Maclaurin Series (Tower)

maclaurin :: Fractional a => (forall s. Mode s => AD s a -> AD s a) -> a -> [a]Source

maclaurin0 :: Fractional a => (forall s. Mode s => AD s a -> AD s a) -> a -> [a]Source

Gradient Descent

gradientDescent :: (Traversable f, Fractional a, Ord a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f a -> [f a]Source

The gradientDescent function performs a multivariate optimization, based on the naive-gradient-descent in the file stalingrad/examples/flow-tests/pre-saddle-1a.vlad from the VLAD compiler Stalingrad sources. Its output is a stream of increasingly accurate results. (Modulo the usual caveats.)

It uses reverse mode automatic differentiation to compute the gradient.

gradientAscent :: (Traversable f, Fractional a, Ord a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f a -> [f a]Source

Perform a gradient descent using reverse mode automatic differentiation to compute the gradient.

conjugateGradientDescent :: (Traversable f, Fractional a, Ord a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f a -> [f a]Source

Perform a conjugate gradient descent using reverse mode automatic differentiation to compute the gradient.

conjugateGradientAscent :: (Traversable f, Fractional a, Ord a) => (forall s. Mode s => f (AD s a) -> AD s a) -> f a -> [f a]Source

Perform a conjugate gradient ascent using reverse mode automatic differentiation to compute the gradient.