Safe Haskell | Safe-Inferred |
---|---|
Language | Haskell2010 |
- data Bool :: *
- data Maybe a :: * -> *
- maybe :: b -> (a -> b) -> Maybe a -> b
- data Either a b :: * -> * -> *
- either :: (a -> c) -> (b -> c) -> Either a b -> c
- data Ordering :: *
- data Char :: *
- fst :: (a, b) -> a
- snd :: (a, b) -> b
- curry :: ((a, b) -> c) -> a -> b -> c
- uncurry :: (a -> b -> c) -> (a, b) -> c
- id :: a -> a
- const :: a -> b -> a
- (.) :: (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c
- flip :: (a -> b -> c) -> b -> a -> c
- ($) :: (a -> b) -> a -> b
- until :: (a -> Bool) -> (a -> a) -> a -> a
- asTypeOf :: a -> a -> a
Documentation
data Maybe a :: * -> *
The Maybe
type encapsulates an optional value. A value of type
either contains a value of type Maybe
aa
(represented as
),
or it is empty (represented as Just
aNothing
). Using Maybe
is a good way to
deal with errors or exceptional cases without resorting to drastic
measures such as error
.
The Maybe
type is also a monad. It is a simple kind of error
monad, where all errors are represented by Nothing
. A richer
error monad can be built using the Either
type.
data Either a b :: * -> * -> *
The Either
type represents values with two possibilities: a value of
type
is either Either
a b
or Left
a
.Right
b
The Either
type is sometimes used to represent a value which is
either correct or an error; by convention, the Left
constructor is
used to hold an error value and the Right
constructor is used to
hold a correct value (mnemonic: "right" also means "correct").
data Ordering :: *
data Char :: *
The character type Char
is an enumeration whose values represent
Unicode (or equivalently ISO/IEC 10646) characters (see
http://www.unicode.org/ for details). This set extends the ISO 8859-1
(Latin-1) character set (the first 256 characters), which is itself an extension
of the ASCII character set (the first 128 characters). A character literal in
Haskell has type Char
.
To convert a Char
to or from the corresponding Int
value defined
by Unicode, use toEnum
and fromEnum
from the
Enum
class respectively (or equivalently ord
and chr
).
fst :: (a, b) -> a
Extract the first component of a pair.
snd :: (a, b) -> b
Extract the second component of a pair.
id :: a -> a
Identity function.
const :: a -> b -> a
Constant function.
(.) :: (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c infixr 9
Function composition.
flip :: (a -> b -> c) -> b -> a -> c
takes its (first) two arguments in the reverse order of flip
ff
.
($) :: (a -> b) -> a -> b infixr 0
Application operator. This operator is redundant, since ordinary
application (f x)
means the same as (f
. However, $
x)$
has
low, right-associative binding precedence, so it sometimes allows
parentheses to be omitted; for example:
f $ g $ h x = f (g (h x))
It is also useful in higher-order situations, such as
,
or map
($
0) xs
.zipWith
($
) fs xs