snap-core-0.4.0.1: Snap: A Haskell Web Framework (Core)

Snap.Types

Contents

Description

This module contains the core type definitions, class instances, and functions for HTTP as well as the Snap monad, which is used for web handlers.

Synopsis

The Snap Monad

runSnap :: Snap a -> (ByteString -> IO ()) -> (Int -> IO ()) -> Request -> Iteratee ByteString IO (Request, Response)Source

Runs a Snap monad action in the 'Iteratee IO' monad.

class (Monad m, MonadIO m, MonadCatchIO m, MonadPlus m, Functor m, Applicative m, Alternative m) => MonadSnap m whereSource

Snap is the Monad that user web handlers run in. Snap gives you:

  1. stateful access to fetch or modify an HTTP Request
  2. stateful access to fetch or modify an HTTP Response
  3. failure / Alternative / MonadPlus semantics: a Snap handler can choose not to handle a given request, using empty or its synonym pass, and you can try alternative handlers with the <|> operator:
 a :: Snap String
 a = pass

 b :: Snap String
 b = return "foo"

 c :: Snap String
 c = a <|> b             -- try running a, if it fails then try b
  1. convenience functions (writeBS, writeLBS, writeText, writeLazyText, addToOutput) for writing output to the Response:
 a :: (forall a . Enumerator a) -> Snap ()
 a someEnumerator = do
     writeBS "I'm a strict bytestring"
     writeLBS "I'm a lazy bytestring"
     addToOutput someEnumerator
  1. early termination: if you call finishWith:
 a :: Snap ()
 a = do
   modifyResponse $ setResponseStatus 500 "Internal Server Error"
   writeBS "500 error"
   r <- getResponse
   finishWith r

then any subsequent processing will be skipped and supplied Response value will be returned from runSnap as-is.

  1. access to the IO monad through a MonadIO instance:
 a :: Snap ()
 a = liftIO fireTheMissiles
  1. the ability to set a timeout which will kill the handler thread after N seconds of inactivity:
 a :: Snap ()
 a = setTimeout 30

You may notice that most of the type signatures in this module contain a (MonadSnap m) => ... typeclass constraint. MonadSnap is a typeclass which, in essence, says "you can get back to the Snap monad from here". Using MonadSnap you can extend the Snap monad with additional functionality and still have access to most of the Snap functions without writing lift everywhere. Instances are already provided for most of the common monad transformers (ReaderT, WriterT, StateT, etc.).

MonadSnap is a type class, analogous to MonadIO for IO, that makes it easy to wrap Snap inside monad transformers.

Methods

liftSnap :: Snap a -> m aSource

Instances

MonadSnap Snap 
MonadSnap m => MonadSnap (ListT m) 
MonadSnap m => MonadSnap (ContT c m) 
(MonadSnap m, Error e) => MonadSnap (ErrorT e m) 
MonadSnap m => MonadSnap (ReaderT r m) 
MonadSnap m => MonadSnap (StateT s m) 
MonadSnap m => MonadSnap (StateT s m) 
(MonadSnap m, Monoid w) => MonadSnap (WriterT w m) 
(MonadSnap m, Monoid w) => MonadSnap (WriterT w m) 
(MonadSnap m, Monoid w) => MonadSnap (RWST r w s m) 
(MonadSnap m, Monoid w) => MonadSnap (RWST r w s m) 

data NoHandlerException Source

This exception is thrown if the handler you supply to runSnap fails.

Constructors

NoHandlerException 

Functions for control flow and early termination

bracketSnap :: IO a -> (a -> IO b) -> (a -> Snap c) -> Snap cSource

This function brackets a Snap action in resource acquisition and release. This is provided because MonadCatchIO's bracket function doesn't work properly in the case of a short-circuit return from the action being bracketed.

In order to prevent confusion regarding the effects of the aquisition and release actions on the Snap state, this function doesn't accept Snap actions for the acquire or release actions.

This function will run the release action in all cases where the acquire action succeeded. This includes the following behaviors from the bracketed Snap action.

  1. Normal completion
  2. Short-circuit completion, either from calling fail or finishWith
  3. An exception being thrown.

finishWith :: MonadSnap m => Response -> m aSource

Short-circuits a Snap monad action early, storing the given Response value in its state.

catchFinishWith :: Snap a -> Snap (Either Response a)Source

Capture the flow of control in case a handler calls finishWith.

WARNING: in the event of a call to transformRequestBody it is possible to violate HTTP protocol safety when using this function. If you call catchFinishWith it is suggested that you do not modify the body of the Response which was passed to the finishWith call.

pass :: MonadSnap m => m aSource

Fails out of a Snap monad action. This is used to indicate that you choose not to handle the given request within the given handler.

Routing

method :: MonadSnap m => Method -> m a -> m aSource

Runs a Snap monad action only if the request's HTTP method matches the given method.

pathSource

Arguments

:: MonadSnap m 
=> ByteString

path to match against

-> m a

handler to run

-> m a 

Runs a Snap monad action only for requests where rqPathInfo is exactly equal to the given string. If the path matches, locally sets rqContextPath to the old value of rqPathInfo, sets rqPathInfo="", and runs the given handler.

dirSource

Arguments

:: MonadSnap m 
=> ByteString

path component to match

-> m a

handler to run

-> m a 

Runs a Snap monad action only when the rqPathInfo of the request starts with the given path. For example,

 dir "foo" handler

Will fail if rqPathInfo is not "/foo" or "/foo/...", and will add "foo/" to the handler's local rqContextPath.

ifTop :: MonadSnap m => m a -> m aSource

Runs a Snap monad action only when rqPathInfo is empty.

route :: MonadSnap m => [(ByteString, m a)] -> m aSource

A web handler which, given a mapping from URL entry points to web handlers, efficiently routes requests to the correct handler.

The URL entry points are given as relative paths, for example:

 route [ ("foo/bar/quux", fooBarQuux) ]

If the URI of the incoming request is

 /foo/bar/quux

or

 /foo/bar/quux/...anything...

then the request will be routed to "fooBarQuux", with rqContextPath set to "/foo/bar/quux/" and rqPathInfo set to "...anything...".

A path component within an URL entry point beginning with a colon (":") is treated as a variable capture; the corresponding path component within the request URI will be entered into the rqParams parameters mapping with the given name. For instance, if the routes were:

 route [ ("foo/:bar/baz", fooBazHandler) ]

Then a request for "/foo/saskatchewan/baz" would be routed to fooBazHandler with a mapping for:

 "bar" => "saskatchewan"

in its parameters table.

Longer paths are matched first, and specific routes are matched before captures. That is, if given routes:

 [ ("a", h1), ("a/b", h2), ("a/:x", h3) ]

a request for "/a/b" will go to h2, "/a/s" for any s will go to h3, and "/a" will go to h1.

The following example matches "/article" to an article index, "/login" to a login, and "/article/..." to an article renderer.

 route [ ("article",     renderIndex)
       , ("article/:id", renderArticle)
       , ("login",       method POST doLogin) ]

routeLocal :: MonadSnap m => [(ByteString, m a)] -> m aSource

The routeLocal function is the same as route', except it doesn't change the request's context path. This is useful if you want to route to a particular handler but you want that handler to receive the rqPathInfo as it is.

Access to state

getRequest :: MonadSnap m => m RequestSource

Grabs the Request object out of the Snap monad.

getResponse :: MonadSnap m => m ResponseSource

Grabs the Response object out of the Snap monad.

putRequest :: MonadSnap m => Request -> m ()Source

Puts a new Request object into the Snap monad.

putResponse :: MonadSnap m => Response -> m ()Source

Puts a new Response object into the Snap monad.

modifyRequest :: MonadSnap m => (Request -> Request) -> m ()Source

Modifies the Request object stored in a Snap monad.

modifyResponse :: MonadSnap m => (Response -> Response) -> m ()Source

Modifes the Response object stored in a Snap monad.

localRequest :: MonadSnap m => (Request -> Request) -> m a -> m aSource

Runs a Snap action with a locally-modified Request state object. The Request object in the Snap monad state after the call to localRequest will be unchanged.

withRequest :: MonadSnap m => (Request -> m a) -> m aSource

Fetches the Request from state and hands it to the given action.

withResponse :: MonadSnap m => (Response -> m a) -> m aSource

Fetches the Response from state and hands it to the given action.

Logging

logError :: MonadSnap m => ByteString -> m ()Source

Log an error message in the Snap monad

Grabbing/transforming request bodies

runRequestBody :: MonadSnap m => Iteratee ByteString IO a -> m aSource

Sends the request body through an iteratee (data consumer) and returns the result.

getRequestBody :: MonadSnap m => m ByteStringSource

Returns the request body as a bytestring.

transformRequestBodySource

Arguments

:: (forall a. Enumerator Builder IO a)

the output Iteratee is passed to this Enumerator, and then the resulting Iteratee is fed the request body stream. Your Enumerator is responsible for transforming the input.

-> Snap () 

Normally Snap is careful to ensure that the request body is fully consumed after your web handler runs, but before the Response enumerator is streamed out the socket. If you want to transform the request body into some output in O(1) space, you should use this function.

Note that upon calling this function, response processing finishes early as if you called finishWith. Make sure you set any content types, headers, cookies, etc. before you call this function.

HTTP Datatypes and Functions

HTTP-related datatypes: Request, Response, Cookie, etc.

data Request Source

Contains all of the information about an incoming HTTP request.

data Response Source

Represents an HTTP response.

type Headers = Map CIByteString [ByteString]Source

A type alias for a case-insensitive key-value mapping.

class HasHeaders a whereSource

A typeclass for datatypes which contain HTTP headers.

Methods

updateHeaders :: (Headers -> Headers) -> a -> aSource

Modify the datatype's headers.

headers :: a -> HeadersSource

Retrieve the headers from a datatype that has headers.

type Params = Map ByteString [ByteString]Source

A type alias for the HTTP parameters mapping. Each parameter key maps to a list of ByteString values; if a parameter is specified multiple times (e.g.: "GET /foo?param=bar1&param=bar2"), looking up "param" in the mapping will give you ["bar1", "bar2"].

data Method Source

Enumerates the HTTP method values (see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2068.html#section-5.1.1).

Constructors

GET 
HEAD 
POST 
PUT 
DELETE 
TRACE 
OPTIONS 
CONNECT 

data Cookie Source

A datatype representing an HTTP cookie.

Constructors

Cookie 

Fields

cookieName :: !ByteString

The name of the cookie.

cookieValue :: !ByteString

The cookie's string value.

cookieExpires :: !(Maybe UTCTime)

The cookie's expiration value, if it has one.

cookieDomain :: !(Maybe ByteString)

The cookie's "domain" value, if it has one.

cookiePath :: !(Maybe ByteString)

The cookie path.

Instances

Headers

addHeader :: HasHeaders a => CIByteString -> ByteString -> a -> aSource

Adds a header key-value-pair to the HasHeaders datatype. If a header with the same name already exists, the new value is appended to the headers list.

setHeader :: HasHeaders a => CIByteString -> ByteString -> a -> aSource

Sets a header key-value-pair in a HasHeaders datatype. If a header with the same name already exists, it is overwritten with the new value.

getHeader :: HasHeaders a => CIByteString -> a -> Maybe ByteStringSource

Gets a header value out of a HasHeaders datatype. If many headers came in with the same name, they will be catenated together.

deleteHeader :: HasHeaders a => CIByteString -> a -> aSource

Clears a header value from a HasHeaders datatype.

ipHeaderFilter :: MonadSnap m => m ()Source

Modifies the Request in the state to set the rqRemoteAddr field to the value in the X-Forwarded-For header. If the header is not present, this action has no effect.

This action should be used only when working behind a reverse http proxy that sets the X-Forwarded-For header. This is the only way to ensure the value in the X-Forwarded-For header can be trusted.

This is provided as a filter so actions that require the remote address can get it in a uniform manner. It has specifically limited functionality to ensure that its transformation can be trusted, when used correctly.

ipHeaderFilter' :: MonadSnap m => CIByteString -> m ()Source

Modifies the Request in the state to set the rqRemoteAddr field to the value from the header specified. If the header specified is not present, this action has no effect.

This action should be used only when working behind a reverse http proxy that sets the header being looked at. This is the only way to ensure the value in the header can be trusted.

This is provided as a filter so actions that require the remote address can get it in a uniform manner. It has specifically limited functionality to ensure that its transformation can be trusted, when used correctly.

Requests

rqServerName :: Request -> ByteStringSource

The server name of the request, as it came in from the request's Host: header.

rqServerPort :: Request -> IntSource

Returns the port number the HTTP server is listening on.

rqRemoteAddr :: Request -> ByteStringSource

The remote IP address.

rqRemotePort :: Request -> IntSource

The remote TCP port number.

rqLocalAddr :: Request -> ByteStringSource

The local IP address for this request.

rqLocalHostname :: Request -> ByteStringSource

Returns the HTTP server's idea of its local hostname.

rqIsSecure :: Request -> BoolSource

Returns True if this is an HTTPS session (currently always False).

rqContentLength :: Request -> Maybe IntSource

Returns the Content-Length of the HTTP request body.

rqMethod :: Request -> MethodSource

Returns the HTTP request method.

rqVersion :: Request -> HttpVersionSource

Returns the HTTP version used by the client.

rqCookies :: Request -> [Cookie]Source

Returns a list of the cookies that came in from the HTTP request headers.

rqPathInfo :: Request -> ByteStringSource

Handlers can (will be; --ed) be hung on a URI "entry point"; this is called the "context path". If a handler is hung on the context path "/foo/", and you request "/foo/bar", the value of rqPathInfo will be "bar".

rqContextPath :: Request -> ByteStringSource

The "context path" of the request; catenating rqContextPath, and rqPathInfo should get you back to the original rqURI. The rqContextPath always begins and ends with a slash ("/") character, and represents the path (relative to your component/snaplet) you took to get to your handler.

rqURI :: Request -> ByteStringSource

Returns the URI requested by the client.

rqQueryString :: Request -> ByteStringSource

Returns the HTTP query string for this Request.

rqParams :: Request -> ParamsSource

Returns the Params mapping for this Request. "Parameters" are automatically decoded from the query string and POST body and entered into this mapping.

rqParamSource

Arguments

:: ByteString

parameter name to look up

-> Request

HTTP request

-> Maybe [ByteString] 

Looks up the value(s) for the given named parameter. Parameters initially come from the request's query string and any decoded POST body (if the request's Content-Type is application/x-www-form-urlencoded). Parameter values can be modified within handlers using rqModifyParams.

getParamSource

Arguments

:: MonadSnap m 
=> ByteString

parameter name to look up

-> m (Maybe ByteString) 

See rqParam. Looks up a value for the given named parameter in the Request. If more than one value was entered for the given parameter name, getParam gloms the values together with:

    intercalate " "

getParams :: MonadSnap m => m ParamsSource

See rqParams. Convenience function to return Params from the Request inside of a MonadSnap instance.

rqModifyParams :: (Params -> Params) -> Request -> RequestSource

Modifies the parameters mapping (which is a Map ByteString ByteString) in a Request using the given function.

rqSetParamSource

Arguments

:: ByteString

parameter name

-> [ByteString]

parameter values

-> Request

request

-> Request 

Writes a key-value pair to the parameters mapping within the given request.

Responses

setResponseCodeSource

Arguments

:: Int

HTTP response integer code

-> Response

Response to be modified

-> Response 

Sets the HTTP response code.

setResponseStatusSource

Arguments

:: Int

HTTP response integer code

-> ByteString

HTTP response explanation

-> Response

Response to be modified

-> Response 

Sets the HTTP response status. Note: normally you would use setResponseCode unless you needed a custom response explanation.

rspStatus :: Response -> IntSource

Returns the HTTP status code.

rspStatusReason :: Response -> ByteStringSource

Returns the HTTP status explanation string.

setContentType :: ByteString -> Response -> ResponseSource

Sets the Content-Type in the Response headers.

addCookieSource

Arguments

:: Cookie

cookie value

-> Response

response to modify

-> Response 

addCookie has been deprecated and will be removed in 0.5. Please use addResponseCookie instead.

addResponseCookieSource

Arguments

:: Cookie

cookie value

-> Response

response to modify

-> Response 

Adds an HTTP Cookie to Response headers.

getResponseCookieSource

Arguments

:: ByteString

cookie name

-> Response

response to query

-> Maybe Cookie 

Gets an HTTP Cookie with the given name from Response headers.

getResponseCookiesSource

Arguments

:: Response

response to query

-> [Cookie] 

Returns a list of Cookies present in Response

deleteResponseCookieSource

Arguments

:: ByteString

cookie name

-> Response

response to modify

-> Response 

Deletes an HTTP Cookie from the Response headers.

modifyResponseCookieSource

Arguments

:: ByteString

cookie name

-> (Cookie -> Cookie)

modifier function

-> Response

response to modify

-> Response 

Modifies an HTTP Cookie with given name in Response headers. Nothing will happen if a matching Cookie can not be found in Response.

getCookie :: MonadSnap m => ByteString -> m (Maybe Cookie)Source

Gets the HTTP Cookie with the specified name.

setContentLength :: Int64 -> Response -> ResponseSource

A note here: if you want to set the Content-Length for the response, Snap forces you to do it with this function rather than by setting it in the headers; the Content-Length in the headers will be ignored.

The reason for this is that Snap needs to look up the value of Content-Length for each request, and looking the string value up in the headers and parsing the number out of the text will be too expensive.

If you don't set a content length in your response, HTTP keep-alive will be disabled for HTTP/1.0 clients, forcing a Connection: close. For HTTP/1.1 clients, Snap will switch to the chunked transfer encoding if Content-Length is not specified.

clearContentLength :: Response -> ResponseSource

Removes any Content-Length set in the Response.

redirect :: MonadSnap m => ByteString -> m aSource

Performs a redirect by setting the Location header to the given target URL/path and the status code to 302 in the Response object stored in a Snap monad. Note that the target URL is not validated in any way. Consider using 'redirect\'' instead, which allows you to choose the correct status code.

redirect' :: MonadSnap m => ByteString -> Int -> m aSource

Performs a redirect by setting the Location header to the given target URL/path and the status code (should be one of 301, 302, 303 or 307) in the Response object stored in a Snap monad. Note that the target URL is not validated in any way.

Response I/O

setResponseBodySource

Arguments

:: (forall a. Enumerator Builder IO a)

new response body enumerator

-> Response

response to modify

-> Response 

Sets an HTTP response body to the given Enumerator value.

modifyResponseBody :: (forall a. Enumerator Builder IO a -> Enumerator Builder IO a) -> Response -> ResponseSource

Modifies a response body.

addToOutputSource

Arguments

:: MonadSnap m 
=> (forall a. Enumerator Builder IO a)

output to add

-> m () 

Adds the output from the given enumerator to the Response stored in the Snap monad state.

writeBuilder :: MonadSnap m => Builder -> m ()Source

Adds the given Builder to the body of the Response stored in the | Snap monad state.

writeBS :: MonadSnap m => ByteString -> m ()Source

Adds the given strict ByteString to the body of the Response stored in the Snap monad state.

Warning: This function is intentionally non-strict. If any pure exceptions are raised by the expression creating the ByteString, the exception won't actually be raised within the Snap handler.

writeLazyText :: MonadSnap m => Text -> m ()Source

Adds the given lazy Text to the body of the Response stored in the Snap monad state.

Warning: This function is intentionally non-strict. If any pure exceptions are raised by the expression creating the ByteString, the exception won't actually be raised within the Snap handler.

writeText :: MonadSnap m => Text -> m ()Source

Adds the given strict Text to the body of the Response stored in the Snap monad state.

Warning: This function is intentionally non-strict. If any pure exceptions are raised by the expression creating the ByteString, the exception won't actually be raised within the Snap handler.

writeLBS :: MonadSnap m => ByteString -> m ()Source

Adds the given lazy ByteString to the body of the Response stored in the Snap monad state.

Warning: This function is intentionally non-strict. If any pure exceptions are raised by the expression creating the ByteString, the exception won't actually be raised within the Snap handler.

sendFile :: MonadSnap m => FilePath -> m ()Source

Sets the output to be the contents of the specified file.

Calling sendFile will overwrite any output queued to be sent in the Response. If the response body is not modified after the call to sendFile, Snap will use the efficient sendfile() system call on platforms that support it.

If the response body is modified (using modifyResponseBody), the file will be read using mmap().

sendFilePartial :: MonadSnap m => FilePath -> (Int64, Int64) -> m ()Source

Sets the output to be the contents of the specified file, within the given (start,end) range.

Calling sendFilePartial will overwrite any output queued to be sent in the Response. If the response body is not modified after the call to sendFilePartial, Snap will use the efficient sendfile() system call on platforms that support it.

If the response body is modified (using modifyResponseBody), the file will be read using mmap().

Timeouts

setTimeout :: MonadSnap m => Int -> m ()Source

Causes the handler thread to be killed n seconds from now.

getTimeoutAction :: MonadSnap m => m (Int -> IO ())Source

Returns an IO action which you can use to reset the handling thread's timeout value.

Iteratee

type Enumerator a m b = Step a m b -> Iteratee a m b

While Iteratees consume data, enumerators generate it. Since Iteratee is an alias for m (Step a m b), Enumerators can be considered step transformers of type Step a m b -> m (Step a m b).

Enumerators typically read from an external source (parser, handle, random generator, etc). They feed chunks into an Iteratee until the source runs out of data (triggering EOF) or the iteratee finishes processing (Yields a value).

data SomeEnumerator Source

An existential wrapper for the 'Enumerator ByteString IO a' type

Constructors

SomeEnumerator (forall a. Enumerator ByteString IO a) 

HTTP utilities

formatHttpTime :: CTime -> IO ByteStringSource

Converts a CTime into an HTTP timestamp.

parseHttpTime :: ByteString -> IO CTimeSource

Converts an HTTP timestamp into a CTime.