Portability | portable |
---|---|
Stability | experimental |
Maintainer | dons00@gmail.com |
Safe Haskell | None |
A reimplementation of the standard Haskell list library to take advantage of stream fusion, and new GHC optimisations. The fusion mechanism is based on stream fusion for sequences. Described in:
- Stream Fusion: From Lists to Streams to Nothing at All, by Duncan Coutts, Roman Leshchinskiy and Don Stwwart, ICFP 2007. http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~dons/papers/CLS07.html
- Rewriting Haskell Strings, by Duncan Coutts, Don Stewart and Roman Leshchinskiy, Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages 8th International Symposium, PADL 2007, 2007. http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~dons/papers/CSL06.html
See the source for the complete story:
This library is a drop in replacement for Data.List.
- (++) :: [a] -> [a] -> [a]
- head :: [a] -> a
- last :: [a] -> a
- tail :: [a] -> [a]
- init :: [a] -> [a]
- null :: [a] -> Bool
- length :: [a] -> Int
- map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
- reverse :: [a] -> [a]
- intersperse :: a -> [a] -> [a]
- intercalate :: [a] -> [[a]] -> [a]
- transpose :: [[a]] -> [[a]]
- foldl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a
- foldl' :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a
- foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> a
- foldl1' :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> a
- foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b
- foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> a
- concat :: [[a]] -> [a]
- concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]
- and :: [Bool] -> Bool
- or :: [Bool] -> Bool
- any :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Bool
- all :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Bool
- sum :: Num a => [a] -> a
- product :: Num a => [a] -> a
- maximum :: Ord a => [a] -> a
- minimum :: Ord a => [a] -> a
- scanl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> [a]
- scanl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]
- scanr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> [b]
- scanr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]
- mapAccumL :: (acc -> x -> (acc, y)) -> acc -> [x] -> (acc, [y])
- mapAccumR :: (acc -> x -> (acc, y)) -> acc -> [x] -> (acc, [y])
- iterate :: (a -> a) -> a -> [a]
- repeat :: a -> [a]
- replicate :: Int -> a -> [a]
- cycle :: [a] -> [a]
- unfoldr :: (b -> Maybe (a, b)) -> b -> [a]
- take :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
- drop :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
- splitAt :: Int -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
- takeWhile :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
- dropWhile :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
- span :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
- break :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
- group :: Eq a => [a] -> [[a]]
- inits :: [a] -> [[a]]
- tails :: [a] -> [[a]]
- isPrefixOf :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Bool
- isSuffixOf :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Bool
- isInfixOf :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Bool
- elem :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> Bool
- notElem :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> Bool
- lookup :: Eq a => a -> [(a, b)] -> Maybe b
- find :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Maybe a
- filter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
- partition :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
- (!!) :: [a] -> Int -> a
- elemIndex :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> Maybe Int
- elemIndices :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> [Int]
- findIndex :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Maybe Int
- findIndices :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [Int]
- zip :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a, b)]
- zip3 :: [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [(a, b, c)]
- zip4 :: [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d] -> [(a, b, c, d)]
- zip5 :: [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d] -> [e] -> [(a, b, c, d, e)]
- zip6 :: [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d] -> [e] -> [f] -> [(a, b, c, d, e, f)]
- zip7 :: [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d] -> [e] -> [f] -> [g] -> [(a, b, c, d, e, f, g)]
- zipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c]
- zipWith3 :: (a -> b -> c -> d) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d]
- zipWith4 :: (a -> b -> c -> d -> e) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d] -> [e]
- zipWith5 :: (a -> b -> c -> d -> e -> f) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d] -> [e] -> [f]
- zipWith6 :: (a -> b -> c -> d -> e -> f -> g) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d] -> [e] -> [f] -> [g]
- zipWith7 :: (a -> b -> c -> d -> e -> f -> g -> h) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d] -> [e] -> [f] -> [g] -> [h]
- unzip :: [(a, b)] -> ([a], [b])
- unzip3 :: [(a, b, c)] -> ([a], [b], [c])
- unzip4 :: [(a, b, c, d)] -> ([a], [b], [c], [d])
- unzip5 :: [(a, b, c, d, e)] -> ([a], [b], [c], [d], [e])
- unzip6 :: [(a, b, c, d, e, f)] -> ([a], [b], [c], [d], [e], [f])
- unzip7 :: [(a, b, c, d, e, f, g)] -> ([a], [b], [c], [d], [e], [f], [g])
- lines :: String -> [String]
- words :: String -> [String]
- unlines :: [String] -> String
- unwords :: [String] -> String
- nub :: Eq a => [a] -> [a]
- delete :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> [a]
- (\\) :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
- union :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
- intersect :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
- sort :: Ord a => [a] -> [a]
- insert :: Ord a => a -> [a] -> [a]
- nubBy :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
- deleteBy :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> a -> [a] -> [a]
- deleteFirstsBy :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] -> [a]
- unionBy :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] -> [a]
- intersectBy :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] -> [a]
- groupBy :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [[a]]
- sortBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> [a] -> [a]
- insertBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> a -> [a] -> [a]
- maximumBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> [a] -> a
- minimumBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> [a] -> a
- genericLength :: Num i => [b] -> i
- genericTake :: Integral i => i -> [a] -> [a]
- genericDrop :: Integral i => i -> [a] -> [a]
- genericSplitAt :: Integral i => i -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
- genericIndex :: Integral a => [b] -> a -> b
- genericReplicate :: Integral i => i -> a -> [a]
- errorEmptyList :: String -> a
Documentation
The functions in this library marked with fusion are (transparently) rewritten by the compiler to stream functions, using the fusion framework described in Rewriting Haskell Strings.
For example:
map f xs
is transformed via rewrite rules to:
(unstream . mapS f . stream) xs
The unstream
and stream
functions identify the allocation points
for each function.
When two or more fusible functions are in close proximity (i.e. directly composed, or with only intermediate lets and cases), the fusion rule will fire, removing the intermediate structures.
Consider:
map f . map g
The rewrite engine will transform this code to:
unstream . mapS f . stream . unstream . mapS g . stream
The fusion rule will then fire:
unstream . mapS f . mapS g . stream
Removing the intermeidate list that is allocated. The compiler then optimises the result.
Functions that fail to fuse are not left in stream form. In the final simplifier phase any remaining unfused functions of the form:
unstream . g . stream
Will be transformed back to their original list implementation.
Basic interface
(++) :: [a] -> [a] -> [a]Source
O(n), fusion. Append two lists, i.e.,
[x1, ..., xm] ++ [y1, ..., yn] == [x1, ..., xm, y1, ..., yn] [x1, ..., xm] ++ [y1, ...] == [x1, ..., xm, y1, ...]
If the first list is not finite, the result is the first list. The spine of the first list argument must be copied.
O(n), fusion. Extract the last element of a list, which must be finite and non-empty.
O(1), fusion. Extract the elements after the head of a list, which must be non-empty.
O(n), fusion. Return all the elements of a list except the last one. The list must be finite and non-empty.
O(n), fusion. length
returns the length of a finite list as an Int
.
It is an instance of the more general genericLength
,
the result type of which may be any kind of number.
List transformations
map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]Source
O(n), fusion. map
f xs
is the list obtained by applying f
to each element
of xs
, i.e.,
map f [x1, x2, ..., xn] == [f x1, f x2, ..., f xn] map f [x1, x2, ...] == [f x1, f x2, ...]
Properties:
map f . map g = map (f . g) map f (repeat x) = repeat (f x) map f (replicate n x) = replicate n (f x)
O(n), fusion. reverse
xs
returns the elements of xs
in reverse order.
xs
must be finite. Will fuse as a consumer only.
intersperse :: a -> [a] -> [a]Source
O(n), fusion. The intersperse
function takes an element and a list and
`intersperses' that element between the elements of the list.
For example,
intersperse ',' "abcde" == "a,b,c,d,e"
intercalate :: [a] -> [[a]] -> [a]Source
O(n), fusion. intercalate
xs xss
is equivalent to (
.
It inserts the list concat
(intersperse
xs xss))xs
in between the lists in xss
and concatenates the
result.
intercalate = concat . intersperse
transpose :: [[a]] -> [[a]]Source
The transpose
function transposes the rows and columns of its argument.
For example,
transpose [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]] == [[1,4],[2,5],[3,6]]
Reducing lists (folds)
foldl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> aSource
O(n), fusion. foldl
, applied to a binary operator, a starting value (typically
the left-identity of the operator), and a list, reduces the list
using the binary operator, from left to right:
foldl f z [x1, x2, ..., xn] == (...((z `f` x1) `f` x2) `f`...) `f` xn
The list must be finite.
foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> bSource
O(n), fusion. foldr
, applied to a binary operator, a starting value (typically
the right-identity of the operator), and a list, reduces the list
using the binary operator, from right to left:
foldr f z [x1, x2, ..., xn] == x1 `f` (x2 `f` ... (xn `f` z)...)
Special folds
concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]Source
O(n), fusion. Map a function over a list and concatenate the results.
any :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> BoolSource
O(n), fusion. Applied to a predicate and a list, any
determines if any element
of the list satisfies the predicate.
all :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> BoolSource
Applied to a predicate and a list, all
determines if all elements
of the list satisfy the predicate.
sum :: Num a => [a] -> aSource
O(n), fusion. The sum
function computes the sum of a finite list of numbers.
product :: Num a => [a] -> aSource
O(n),fusion. The product
function computes the product of a finite list of numbers.
Building lists
Scans
Accumulating maps
Infinite lists
iterate :: (a -> a) -> a -> [a]Source
fusion. iterate
f x
returns an infinite list of repeated applications
of f
to x
:
iterate f x == [x, f x, f (f x), ...]
replicate :: Int -> a -> [a]Source
O(n), fusion. replicate
n x
is a list of length n
with x
the value of
every element.
It is an instance of the more general genericReplicate
,
in which n
may be of any integral type.
fusion. cycle
ties a finite list into a circular one, or equivalently,
the infinite repetition of the original list. It is the identity
on infinite lists.
Unfolding
unfoldr :: (b -> Maybe (a, b)) -> b -> [a]Source
fusion. The unfoldr
function is a `dual' to foldr
: while foldr
reduces a list to a summary value, unfoldr
builds a list from
a seed value. The function takes the element and returns Nothing
if it is done producing the list or returns Just
(a,b)
, in which
case, a
is a prepended to the list and b
is used as the next
element in a recursive call. For example,
iterate f == unfoldr (\x -> Just (x, f x))
In some cases, unfoldr
can undo a foldr
operation:
unfoldr f' (foldr f z xs) == xs
if the following holds:
f' (f x y) = Just (x,y) f' z = Nothing
A simple use of unfoldr:
unfoldr (\b -> if b == 0 then Nothing else Just (b, b-1)) 10 [10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1]
Sublists
Extracting sublists
take :: Int -> [a] -> [a]Source
O(n),fusion. take
n
, applied to a list xs
, returns the prefix of xs
of length n
, or xs
itself if n >
:
length
xs
take 5 "Hello World!" == "Hello" take 3 [1,2,3,4,5] == [1,2,3] take 3 [1,2] == [1,2] take 3 [] == [] take (-1) [1,2] == [] take 0 [1,2] == []
It is an instance of the more general genericTake
,
in which n
may be of any integral type.
drop :: Int -> [a] -> [a]Source
O(n),fusion. drop
n xs
returns the suffix of xs
after the first n
elements, or []
if n >
:
length
xs
drop 6 "Hello World!" == "World!" drop 3 [1,2,3,4,5] == [4,5] drop 3 [1,2] == [] drop 3 [] == [] drop (-1) [1,2] == [1,2] drop 0 [1,2] == [1,2]
It is an instance of the more general genericDrop
,
in which n
may be of any integral type.
splitAt :: Int -> [a] -> ([a], [a])Source
splitAt
n xs
returns a tuple where first element is xs
prefix of
length n
and second element is the remainder of the list:
splitAt 6 "Hello World!" == ("Hello ","World!") splitAt 3 [1,2,3,4,5] == ([1,2,3],[4,5]) splitAt 1 [1,2,3] == ([1],[2,3]) splitAt 3 [1,2,3] == ([1,2,3],[]) splitAt 4 [1,2,3] == ([1,2,3],[]) splitAt 0 [1,2,3] == ([],[1,2,3]) splitAt (-1) [1,2,3] == ([],[1,2,3])
It is equivalent to (
.
take
n xs, drop
n xs)splitAt
is an instance of the more general genericSplitAt
,
in which n
may be of any integral type.
takeWhile :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]Source
O(n),fusion. takeWhile
, applied to a predicate p
and a list xs
, returns the
longest prefix (possibly empty) of xs
of elements that satisfy p
:
takeWhile (< 3) [1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4] == [1,2] takeWhile (< 9) [1,2,3] == [1,2,3] takeWhile (< 0) [1,2,3] == []
span :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a])Source
span
, applied to a predicate p
and a list xs
, returns a tuple where
first element is longest prefix (possibly empty) of xs
of elements that
satisfy p
and second element is the remainder of the list:
span (< 3) [1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4] == ([1,2],[3,4,1,2,3,4]) span (< 9) [1,2,3] == ([1,2,3],[]) span (< 0) [1,2,3] == ([],[1,2,3])
break :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a])Source
break
, applied to a predicate p
and a list xs
, returns a tuple where
first element is longest prefix (possibly empty) of xs
of elements that
do not satisfy p
and second element is the remainder of the list:
break (> 3) [1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4] == ([1,2,3],[4,1,2,3,4]) break (< 9) [1,2,3] == ([],[1,2,3]) break (> 9) [1,2,3] == ([1,2,3],[])
group :: Eq a => [a] -> [[a]]Source
The group
function takes a list and returns a list of lists such
that the concatenation of the result is equal to the argument. Moreover,
each sublist in the result contains only equal elements. For example,
group "Mississippi" = ["M","i","ss","i","ss","i","pp","i"]
It is a special case of groupBy
, which allows the programmer to supply
their own equality test.
The inits
function returns all initial segments of the argument,
shortest first. For example,
inits "abc" == ["","a","ab","abc"]
The tails
function returns all final segments of the argument,
longest first. For example,
tails "abc" == ["abc", "bc", "c",""]
Predicates
isPrefixOf :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> BoolSource
O(n),fusion. The isPrefixOf
function takes two lists and
returns True
iff the first list is a prefix of the second.
isSuffixOf :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> BoolSource
The isSuffixOf
function takes two lists and returns True
iff the first list is a suffix of the second.
Both lists must be finite.
Searching lists
Searching by equality
lookup :: Eq a => a -> [(a, b)] -> Maybe bSource
O(n),fusion. lookup
key assocs
looks up a key in an association list.
Searching with a predicate
filter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]Source
O(n),fusion. filter
, applied to a predicate and a list, returns the list of
those elements that satisfy the predicate; i.e.,
filter p xs = [ x | x <- xs, p x]
Properties:
filter p (filter q s) = filter (\x -> q x && p x) s
partition :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a])Source
The partition
function takes a predicate a list and returns
the pair of lists of elements which do and do not satisfy the
predicate, respectively; i.e.,
partition p xs == (filter p xs, filter (not . p) xs)
Indexing lists
These functions treat a list xs
as a indexed collection,
with indices ranging from 0 to
.
length
xs - 1
O(n),fusion. List index (subscript) operator, starting from 0.
It is an instance of the more general genericIndex
,
which takes an index of any integral type.
elemIndices :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> [Int]Source
O(n),fusion. The elemIndices
function extends elemIndex
, by
returning the indices of all elements equal to the query element, in
ascending order.
Properties:
length (filter (==a) xs) = length (elemIndices a xs)
findIndices :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [Int]Source
O(n),fusion. The findIndices
function extends findIndex
, by
returning the indices of all elements satisfying the predicate, in
ascending order.
Properties:
length (filter p xs) = length (findIndices p xs)
Zipping and unzipping lists
zip :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a, b)]Source
O(n),fusion. zip
takes two lists and returns a list of
corresponding pairs. If one input list is short, excess elements of
the longer list are discarded.
Properties:
zip a b = zipWith (,) a b
The zipWith family generalises the zip family by zipping with the function given as the first argument, instead of a tupling function.
zipWith6 :: (a -> b -> c -> d -> e -> f -> g) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d] -> [e] -> [f] -> [g]Source
zipWith7 :: (a -> b -> c -> d -> e -> f -> g -> h) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d] -> [e] -> [f] -> [g] -> [h]Source
unzip :: [(a, b)] -> ([a], [b])Source
unzip
transforms a list of pairs into a list of first components
and a list of second components.
Special lists
Functions on strings
lines :: String -> [String]Source
O(O),fusion. lines
breaks a string up into a list of strings
at newline characters. The resulting strings do not contain
newlines.
words :: String -> [String]Source
words
breaks a string up into a list of words, which were delimited
by white space.
"Set" operations
(\\) :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]Source
The \\
function is list difference ((non-associative).
In the result of xs
\\
ys
, the first occurrence of each element of
ys
in turn (if any) has been removed from xs
. Thus
(xs ++ ys) \\ xs == ys.
It is a special case of deleteFirstsBy
, which allows the programmer
to supply their own equality test.
union :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]Source
The union
function returns the list union of the two lists.
For example,
"dog" `union` "cow" == "dogcw"
Duplicates, and elements of the first list, are removed from the
the second list, but if the first list contains duplicates, so will
the result.
It is a special case of unionBy
, which allows the programmer to supply
their own equality test.
intersect :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]Source
The intersect
function takes the list intersection of two lists.
For example,
[1,2,3,4] `intersect` [2,4,6,8] == [2,4]
If the first list contains duplicates, so will the result.
It is a special case of intersectBy
, which allows the programmer to
supply their own equality test.
Ordered lists
insert :: Ord a => a -> [a] -> [a]Source
O(n),fusion. The insert
function takes an element and a list and inserts the
element into the list at the last position where it is still less
than or equal to the next element. In particular, if the list
is sorted before the call, the result will also be sorted.
It is a special case of insertBy
, which allows the programmer to
supply their own comparison function.
Generalized functions
The "By" operations
By convention, overloaded functions have a non-overloaded
counterpart whose name is suffixed with `By
'.
It is often convenient to use these functions together with
on
, for instance
.
sortBy
(compare
`on` fst
)
User-supplied equality (replacing an Eq context)
The predicate is assumed to define an equivalence.
deleteFirstsBy :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] -> [a]Source
intersectBy :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] -> [a]Source
The intersectBy
function is the non-overloaded version of intersect
.
User-supplied comparison (replacing an Ord context)
insertBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> a -> [a] -> [a]Source
O(n),fusion. The non-overloaded version of insert
.
maximumBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> [a] -> aSource
O(n),fusion. The maximumBy
function takes a comparison function and a list
and returns the greatest element of the list by the comparison function.
The list must be finite and non-empty.
minimumBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> [a] -> aSource
O(n),fusion. The minimumBy
function takes a comparison function and a list
and returns the least element of the list by the comparison function.
The list must be finite and non-empty.
The "generic" operations
The prefix `generic
' indicates an overloaded function that
is a generalized version of a Prelude function.
genericLength :: Num i => [b] -> iSource
The genericLength
function is an overloaded version of length
. In
particular, instead of returning an Int
, it returns any type which is
an instance of Num
. It is, however, less efficient than length
.
genericTake :: Integral i => i -> [a] -> [a]Source
O(n),fusion. The genericTake
function is an overloaded version of take
, which
accepts any Integral
value as the number of elements to take.
genericDrop :: Integral i => i -> [a] -> [a]Source
O(n),fusion. The genericDrop
function is an overloaded version of drop
, which
accepts any Integral
value as the number of elements to drop.
genericSplitAt :: Integral i => i -> [a] -> ([a], [a])Source
O(n),fusion. The genericSplitAt
function is an overloaded
version of splitAt
, which accepts any Integral
value as the
position at which to split.
genericIndex :: Integral a => [b] -> a -> bSource
O(n),fusion. The genericIndex
function is an overloaded version of !!
, which
accepts any Integral
value as the index.
genericReplicate :: Integral i => i -> a -> [a]Source
O(n),fusion. The genericReplicate
function is an overloaded version of replicate
,
which accepts any Integral
value as the number of repetitions to make.
errorEmptyList :: String -> aSource