turtle-1.5.13: Shell programming, Haskell-style

Safe HaskellNone
LanguageHaskell2010

Turtle

Contents

Description

See Turtle.Tutorial to learn how to use this library or Turtle.Prelude for a quick-start guide.

Here is the recommended way to import this library:

{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}

import Turtle
import Prelude hiding (FilePath)

This module re-exports the rest of the library and also re-exports useful modules from base:

Turtle.Format provides type-safe string formatting

Turtle.Pattern provides Patterns, which are like more powerful regular expressions

Turtle.Shell provides a Shell abstraction for building streaming, exception-safe pipelines

Turtle.Prelude provides a library of Unix-like utilities to get you started with basic shell-like programming within Haskell

Control.Applicative provides two classes:

Control.Monad provides two classes:

Control.Monad.IO.Class provides one class:

Data.Monoid provides one class:

Control.Monad.Managed.Safe provides Managed resources

Filesystem.Path.CurrentOS provides FilePath-manipulation utilities

Additionally, you might also want to import the following modules qualified:

Synopsis

Modules

class Functor f => Applicative (f :: Type -> Type) where #

A functor with application, providing operations to

  • embed pure expressions (pure), and
  • sequence computations and combine their results (<*> and liftA2).

A minimal complete definition must include implementations of pure and of either <*> or liftA2. If it defines both, then they must behave the same as their default definitions:

(<*>) = liftA2 id
liftA2 f x y = f <$> x <*> y

Further, any definition must satisfy the following:

identity
pure id <*> v = v
composition
pure (.) <*> u <*> v <*> w = u <*> (v <*> w)
homomorphism
pure f <*> pure x = pure (f x)
interchange
u <*> pure y = pure ($ y) <*> u

The other methods have the following default definitions, which may be overridden with equivalent specialized implementations:

As a consequence of these laws, the Functor instance for f will satisfy

It may be useful to note that supposing

forall x y. p (q x y) = f x . g y

it follows from the above that

liftA2 p (liftA2 q u v) = liftA2 f u . liftA2 g v

If f is also a Monad, it should satisfy

(which implies that pure and <*> satisfy the applicative functor laws).

Minimal complete definition

pure, ((<*>) | liftA2)

Methods

pure :: a -> f a #

Lift a value.

(<*>) :: f (a -> b) -> f a -> f b infixl 4 #

Sequential application.

A few functors support an implementation of <*> that is more efficient than the default one.

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> f a -> f b -> f c #

Lift a binary function to actions.

Some functors support an implementation of liftA2 that is more efficient than the default one. In particular, if fmap is an expensive operation, it is likely better to use liftA2 than to fmap over the structure and then use <*>.

(*>) :: f a -> f b -> f b infixl 4 #

Sequence actions, discarding the value of the first argument.

(<*) :: f a -> f b -> f a infixl 4 #

Sequence actions, discarding the value of the second argument.

Instances
Applicative []

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

pure :: a -> [a] #

(<*>) :: [a -> b] -> [a] -> [b] #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] #

(*>) :: [a] -> [b] -> [b] #

(<*) :: [a] -> [b] -> [a] #

Applicative Maybe

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

pure :: a -> Maybe a #

(<*>) :: Maybe (a -> b) -> Maybe a -> Maybe b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Maybe a -> Maybe b -> Maybe c #

(*>) :: Maybe a -> Maybe b -> Maybe b #

(<*) :: Maybe a -> Maybe b -> Maybe a #

Applicative IO

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

pure :: a -> IO a #

(<*>) :: IO (a -> b) -> IO a -> IO b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> IO a -> IO b -> IO c #

(*>) :: IO a -> IO b -> IO b #

(<*) :: IO a -> IO b -> IO a #

Applicative Par1

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

pure :: a -> Par1 a #

(<*>) :: Par1 (a -> b) -> Par1 a -> Par1 b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Par1 a -> Par1 b -> Par1 c #

(*>) :: Par1 a -> Par1 b -> Par1 b #

(<*) :: Par1 a -> Par1 b -> Par1 a #

Applicative Q 
Instance details

Defined in Language.Haskell.TH.Syntax

Methods

pure :: a -> Q a #

(<*>) :: Q (a -> b) -> Q a -> Q b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Q a -> Q b -> Q c #

(*>) :: Q a -> Q b -> Q b #

(<*) :: Q a -> Q b -> Q a #

Applicative Concurrently 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Concurrent.Async

Applicative Complex

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Complex

Methods

pure :: a -> Complex a #

(<*>) :: Complex (a -> b) -> Complex a -> Complex b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Complex a -> Complex b -> Complex c #

(*>) :: Complex a -> Complex b -> Complex b #

(<*) :: Complex a -> Complex b -> Complex a #

Applicative Min

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Methods

pure :: a -> Min a #

(<*>) :: Min (a -> b) -> Min a -> Min b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Min a -> Min b -> Min c #

(*>) :: Min a -> Min b -> Min b #

(<*) :: Min a -> Min b -> Min a #

Applicative Max

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Methods

pure :: a -> Max a #

(<*>) :: Max (a -> b) -> Max a -> Max b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Max a -> Max b -> Max c #

(*>) :: Max a -> Max b -> Max b #

(<*) :: Max a -> Max b -> Max a #

Applicative First

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Methods

pure :: a -> First a #

(<*>) :: First (a -> b) -> First a -> First b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> First a -> First b -> First c #

(*>) :: First a -> First b -> First b #

(<*) :: First a -> First b -> First a #

Applicative Last

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Methods

pure :: a -> Last a #

(<*>) :: Last (a -> b) -> Last a -> Last b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Last a -> Last b -> Last c #

(*>) :: Last a -> Last b -> Last b #

(<*) :: Last a -> Last b -> Last a #

Applicative Option

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Methods

pure :: a -> Option a #

(<*>) :: Option (a -> b) -> Option a -> Option b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Option a -> Option b -> Option c #

(*>) :: Option a -> Option b -> Option b #

(<*) :: Option a -> Option b -> Option a #

Applicative ZipList
f '<$>' 'ZipList' xs1 '<*>' ... '<*>' 'ZipList' xsN
    = 'ZipList' (zipWithN f xs1 ... xsN)

where zipWithN refers to the zipWith function of the appropriate arity (zipWith, zipWith3, zipWith4, ...). For example:

(\a b c -> stimes c [a, b]) <$> ZipList "abcd" <*> ZipList "567" <*> ZipList [1..]
    = ZipList (zipWith3 (\a b c -> stimes c [a, b]) "abcd" "567" [1..])
    = ZipList {getZipList = ["a5","b6b6","c7c7c7"]}

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Control.Applicative

Methods

pure :: a -> ZipList a #

(<*>) :: ZipList (a -> b) -> ZipList a -> ZipList b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> ZipList a -> ZipList b -> ZipList c #

(*>) :: ZipList a -> ZipList b -> ZipList b #

(<*) :: ZipList a -> ZipList b -> ZipList a #

Applicative Identity

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Functor.Identity

Methods

pure :: a -> Identity a #

(<*>) :: Identity (a -> b) -> Identity a -> Identity b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Identity a -> Identity b -> Identity c #

(*>) :: Identity a -> Identity b -> Identity b #

(<*) :: Identity a -> Identity b -> Identity a #

Applicative STM

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Conc.Sync

Methods

pure :: a -> STM a #

(<*>) :: STM (a -> b) -> STM a -> STM b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> STM a -> STM b -> STM c #

(*>) :: STM a -> STM b -> STM b #

(<*) :: STM a -> STM b -> STM a #

Applicative First

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Monoid

Methods

pure :: a -> First a #

(<*>) :: First (a -> b) -> First a -> First b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> First a -> First b -> First c #

(*>) :: First a -> First b -> First b #

(<*) :: First a -> First b -> First a #

Applicative Last

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Monoid

Methods

pure :: a -> Last a #

(<*>) :: Last (a -> b) -> Last a -> Last b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Last a -> Last b -> Last c #

(*>) :: Last a -> Last b -> Last b #

(<*) :: Last a -> Last b -> Last a #

Applicative Dual

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

pure :: a -> Dual a #

(<*>) :: Dual (a -> b) -> Dual a -> Dual b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Dual a -> Dual b -> Dual c #

(*>) :: Dual a -> Dual b -> Dual b #

(<*) :: Dual a -> Dual b -> Dual a #

Applicative Sum

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

pure :: a -> Sum a #

(<*>) :: Sum (a -> b) -> Sum a -> Sum b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Sum a -> Sum b -> Sum c #

(*>) :: Sum a -> Sum b -> Sum b #

(<*) :: Sum a -> Sum b -> Sum a #

Applicative Product

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

pure :: a -> Product a #

(<*>) :: Product (a -> b) -> Product a -> Product b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Product a -> Product b -> Product c #

(*>) :: Product a -> Product b -> Product b #

(<*) :: Product a -> Product b -> Product a #

Applicative Down

Since: base-4.11.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Ord

Methods

pure :: a -> Down a #

(<*>) :: Down (a -> b) -> Down a -> Down b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Down a -> Down b -> Down c #

(*>) :: Down a -> Down b -> Down b #

(<*) :: Down a -> Down b -> Down a #

Applicative ReadPrec

Since: base-4.6.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadPrec

Methods

pure :: a -> ReadPrec a #

(<*>) :: ReadPrec (a -> b) -> ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec b -> ReadPrec c #

(*>) :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec b -> ReadPrec b #

(<*) :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec b -> ReadPrec a #

Applicative ReadP

Since: base-4.6.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP

Methods

pure :: a -> ReadP a #

(<*>) :: ReadP (a -> b) -> ReadP a -> ReadP b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> ReadP a -> ReadP b -> ReadP c #

(*>) :: ReadP a -> ReadP b -> ReadP b #

(<*) :: ReadP a -> ReadP b -> ReadP a #

Applicative NonEmpty

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

pure :: a -> NonEmpty a #

(<*>) :: NonEmpty (a -> b) -> NonEmpty a -> NonEmpty b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> NonEmpty a -> NonEmpty b -> NonEmpty c #

(*>) :: NonEmpty a -> NonEmpty b -> NonEmpty b #

(<*) :: NonEmpty a -> NonEmpty b -> NonEmpty a #

Applicative Put 
Instance details

Defined in Data.ByteString.Builder.Internal

Methods

pure :: a -> Put a #

(<*>) :: Put (a -> b) -> Put a -> Put b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Put a -> Put b -> Put c #

(*>) :: Put a -> Put b -> Put b #

(<*) :: Put a -> Put b -> Put a #

Applicative Tree 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Tree

Methods

pure :: a -> Tree a #

(<*>) :: Tree (a -> b) -> Tree a -> Tree b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Tree a -> Tree b -> Tree c #

(*>) :: Tree a -> Tree b -> Tree b #

(<*) :: Tree a -> Tree b -> Tree a #

Applicative Seq

Since: containers-0.5.4

Instance details

Defined in Data.Sequence.Internal

Methods

pure :: a -> Seq a #

(<*>) :: Seq (a -> b) -> Seq a -> Seq b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c #

(*>) :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq b #

(<*) :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq a #

Applicative Managed 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

pure :: a -> Managed a #

(<*>) :: Managed (a -> b) -> Managed a -> Managed b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Managed a -> Managed b -> Managed c #

(*>) :: Managed a -> Managed b -> Managed b #

(<*) :: Managed a -> Managed b -> Managed a #

Applicative Optional 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Optional

Methods

pure :: a -> Optional a #

(<*>) :: Optional (a -> b) -> Optional a -> Optional b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Optional a -> Optional b -> Optional c #

(*>) :: Optional a -> Optional b -> Optional b #

(<*) :: Optional a -> Optional b -> Optional a #

Applicative ReadM 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Types

Methods

pure :: a -> ReadM a #

(<*>) :: ReadM (a -> b) -> ReadM a -> ReadM b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> ReadM a -> ReadM b -> ReadM c #

(*>) :: ReadM a -> ReadM b -> ReadM b #

(<*) :: ReadM a -> ReadM b -> ReadM a #

Applicative Parser 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Types

Methods

pure :: a -> Parser a #

(<*>) :: Parser (a -> b) -> Parser a -> Parser b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Parser a -> Parser b -> Parser c #

(*>) :: Parser a -> Parser b -> Parser b #

(<*) :: Parser a -> Parser b -> Parser a #

Applicative ParserM 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Types

Methods

pure :: a -> ParserM a #

(<*>) :: ParserM (a -> b) -> ParserM a -> ParserM b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> ParserM a -> ParserM b -> ParserM c #

(*>) :: ParserM a -> ParserM b -> ParserM b #

(<*) :: ParserM a -> ParserM b -> ParserM a #

Applicative ParserResult 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Types

Applicative SmallArray 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Primitive.SmallArray

Methods

pure :: a -> SmallArray a #

(<*>) :: SmallArray (a -> b) -> SmallArray a -> SmallArray b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> SmallArray a -> SmallArray b -> SmallArray c #

(*>) :: SmallArray a -> SmallArray b -> SmallArray b #

(<*) :: SmallArray a -> SmallArray b -> SmallArray a #

Applicative Array 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Primitive.Array

Methods

pure :: a -> Array a #

(<*>) :: Array (a -> b) -> Array a -> Array b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Array a -> Array b -> Array c #

(*>) :: Array a -> Array b -> Array b #

(<*) :: Array a -> Array b -> Array a #

Applicative Id 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Vector.Fusion.Util

Methods

pure :: a -> Id a #

(<*>) :: Id (a -> b) -> Id a -> Id b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Id a -> Id b -> Id c #

(*>) :: Id a -> Id b -> Id b #

(<*) :: Id a -> Id b -> Id a #

Applicative Box 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Vector.Fusion.Util

Methods

pure :: a -> Box a #

(<*>) :: Box (a -> b) -> Box a -> Box b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Box a -> Box b -> Box c #

(*>) :: Box a -> Box b -> Box b #

(<*) :: Box a -> Box b -> Box a #

Applicative P

Since: base-4.5.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP

Methods

pure :: a -> P a #

(<*>) :: P (a -> b) -> P a -> P b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> P a -> P b -> P c #

(*>) :: P a -> P b -> P b #

(<*) :: P a -> P b -> P a #

Applicative Pattern Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Pattern

Methods

pure :: a -> Pattern a #

(<*>) :: Pattern (a -> b) -> Pattern a -> Pattern b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Pattern a -> Pattern b -> Pattern c #

(*>) :: Pattern a -> Pattern b -> Pattern b #

(<*) :: Pattern a -> Pattern b -> Pattern a #

Applicative Shell Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Shell

Methods

pure :: a -> Shell a #

(<*>) :: Shell (a -> b) -> Shell a -> Shell b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Shell a -> Shell b -> Shell c #

(*>) :: Shell a -> Shell b -> Shell b #

(<*) :: Shell a -> Shell b -> Shell a #

Applicative (Either e)

Since: base-3.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Either

Methods

pure :: a -> Either e a #

(<*>) :: Either e (a -> b) -> Either e a -> Either e b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Either e a -> Either e b -> Either e c #

(*>) :: Either e a -> Either e b -> Either e b #

(<*) :: Either e a -> Either e b -> Either e a #

Applicative (U1 :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

pure :: a -> U1 a #

(<*>) :: U1 (a -> b) -> U1 a -> U1 b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> U1 a -> U1 b -> U1 c #

(*>) :: U1 a -> U1 b -> U1 b #

(<*) :: U1 a -> U1 b -> U1 a #

Monoid a => Applicative ((,) a)

For tuples, the Monoid constraint on a determines how the first values merge. For example, Strings concatenate:

("hello ", (+15)) <*> ("world!", 2002)
("hello world!",2017)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

pure :: a0 -> (a, a0) #

(<*>) :: (a, a0 -> b) -> (a, a0) -> (a, b) #

liftA2 :: (a0 -> b -> c) -> (a, a0) -> (a, b) -> (a, c) #

(*>) :: (a, a0) -> (a, b) -> (a, b) #

(<*) :: (a, a0) -> (a, b) -> (a, a0) #

Monad m => Applicative (WrappedMonad m)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Control.Applicative

Methods

pure :: a -> WrappedMonad m a #

(<*>) :: WrappedMonad m (a -> b) -> WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m b -> WrappedMonad m c #

(*>) :: WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m b -> WrappedMonad m b #

(<*) :: WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m b -> WrappedMonad m a #

Arrow a => Applicative (ArrowMonad a)

Since: base-4.6.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Control.Arrow

Methods

pure :: a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0 #

(<*>) :: ArrowMonad a (a0 -> b) -> ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b #

liftA2 :: (a0 -> b -> c) -> ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b -> ArrowMonad a c #

(*>) :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b -> ArrowMonad a b #

(<*) :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b -> ArrowMonad a a0 #

Applicative (Proxy :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-4.7.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Proxy

Methods

pure :: a -> Proxy a #

(<*>) :: Proxy (a -> b) -> Proxy a -> Proxy b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Proxy a -> Proxy b -> Proxy c #

(*>) :: Proxy a -> Proxy b -> Proxy b #

(<*) :: Proxy a -> Proxy b -> Proxy a #

(Functor m, Monad m) => Applicative (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

pure :: a -> MaybeT m a #

(<*>) :: MaybeT m (a -> b) -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b -> MaybeT m c #

(*>) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b -> MaybeT m b #

(<*) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b -> MaybeT m a #

Applicative (Fold a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

pure :: a0 -> Fold a a0 #

(<*>) :: Fold a (a0 -> b) -> Fold a a0 -> Fold a b #

liftA2 :: (a0 -> b -> c) -> Fold a a0 -> Fold a b -> Fold a c #

(*>) :: Fold a a0 -> Fold a b -> Fold a b #

(<*) :: Fold a a0 -> Fold a b -> Fold a a0 #

Applicative f => Applicative (Rec1 f)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

pure :: a -> Rec1 f a #

(<*>) :: Rec1 f (a -> b) -> Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f b -> Rec1 f c #

(*>) :: Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f b -> Rec1 f b #

(<*) :: Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f b -> Rec1 f a #

Arrow a => Applicative (WrappedArrow a b)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Control.Applicative

Methods

pure :: a0 -> WrappedArrow a b a0 #

(<*>) :: WrappedArrow a b (a0 -> b0) -> WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 #

liftA2 :: (a0 -> b0 -> c) -> WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 -> WrappedArrow a b c #

(*>) :: WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 #

(<*) :: WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 -> WrappedArrow a b a0 #

Monoid m => Applicative (Const m :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-2.0.1

Instance details

Defined in Data.Functor.Const

Methods

pure :: a -> Const m a #

(<*>) :: Const m (a -> b) -> Const m a -> Const m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Const m a -> Const m b -> Const m c #

(*>) :: Const m a -> Const m b -> Const m b #

(<*) :: Const m a -> Const m b -> Const m a #

Applicative f => Applicative (Ap f)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Monoid

Methods

pure :: a -> Ap f a #

(<*>) :: Ap f (a -> b) -> Ap f a -> Ap f b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Ap f a -> Ap f b -> Ap f c #

(*>) :: Ap f a -> Ap f b -> Ap f b #

(<*) :: Ap f a -> Ap f b -> Ap f a #

Applicative f => Applicative (Alt f)

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

pure :: a -> Alt f a #

(<*>) :: Alt f (a -> b) -> Alt f a -> Alt f b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Alt f a -> Alt f b -> Alt f c #

(*>) :: Alt f a -> Alt f b -> Alt f b #

(<*) :: Alt f a -> Alt f b -> Alt f a #

Biapplicative p => Applicative (Join p) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Bifunctor.Join

Methods

pure :: a -> Join p a #

(<*>) :: Join p (a -> b) -> Join p a -> Join p b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Join p a -> Join p b -> Join p c #

(*>) :: Join p a -> Join p b -> Join p b #

(<*) :: Join p a -> Join p b -> Join p a #

Applicative m => Applicative (IdentityT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Identity

Methods

pure :: a -> IdentityT m a #

(<*>) :: IdentityT m (a -> b) -> IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m b -> IdentityT m c #

(*>) :: IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m b -> IdentityT m b #

(<*) :: IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m b -> IdentityT m a #

(Applicative f, Monad f) => Applicative (WhenMissing f x)

Equivalent to ReaderT k (ReaderT x (MaybeT f)).

Since: containers-0.5.9

Instance details

Defined in Data.IntMap.Internal

Methods

pure :: a -> WhenMissing f x a #

(<*>) :: WhenMissing f x (a -> b) -> WhenMissing f x a -> WhenMissing f x b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> WhenMissing f x a -> WhenMissing f x b -> WhenMissing f x c #

(*>) :: WhenMissing f x a -> WhenMissing f x b -> WhenMissing f x b #

(<*) :: WhenMissing f x a -> WhenMissing f x b -> WhenMissing f x a #

(Functor m, Monad m) => Applicative (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

pure :: a -> ExceptT e m a #

(<*>) :: ExceptT e m (a -> b) -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b -> ExceptT e m c #

(*>) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b -> ExceptT e m b #

(<*) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b -> ExceptT e m a #

Applicative m => Applicative (FoldM m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

pure :: a0 -> FoldM m a a0 #

(<*>) :: FoldM m a (a0 -> b) -> FoldM m a a0 -> FoldM m a b #

liftA2 :: (a0 -> b -> c) -> FoldM m a a0 -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a c #

(*>) :: FoldM m a a0 -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

(<*) :: FoldM m a a0 -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a a0 #

(Functor m, Monad m) => Applicative (ErrorT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Error

Methods

pure :: a -> ErrorT e m a #

(<*>) :: ErrorT e m (a -> b) -> ErrorT e m a -> ErrorT e m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> ErrorT e m a -> ErrorT e m b -> ErrorT e m c #

(*>) :: ErrorT e m a -> ErrorT e m b -> ErrorT e m b #

(<*) :: ErrorT e m a -> ErrorT e m b -> ErrorT e m a #

(Functor m, Monad m) => Applicative (StateT s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Lazy

Methods

pure :: a -> StateT s m a #

(<*>) :: StateT s m (a -> b) -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m b -> StateT s m c #

(*>) :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m b -> StateT s m b #

(<*) :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m b -> StateT s m a #

(Functor m, Monad m) => Applicative (StateT s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Strict

Methods

pure :: a -> StateT s m a #

(<*>) :: StateT s m (a -> b) -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m b -> StateT s m c #

(*>) :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m b -> StateT s m b #

(<*) :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m b -> StateT s m a #

(Monoid w, Applicative m) => Applicative (WriterT w m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Writer.Lazy

Methods

pure :: a -> WriterT w m a #

(<*>) :: WriterT w m (a -> b) -> WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m b -> WriterT w m c #

(*>) :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m b -> WriterT w m b #

(<*) :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m b -> WriterT w m a #

(Monoid w, Applicative m) => Applicative (WriterT w m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Writer.Strict

Methods

pure :: a -> WriterT w m a #

(<*>) :: WriterT w m (a -> b) -> WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m b -> WriterT w m c #

(*>) :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m b -> WriterT w m b #

(<*) :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m b -> WriterT w m a #

Applicative (Tagged s) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Tagged

Methods

pure :: a -> Tagged s a #

(<*>) :: Tagged s (a -> b) -> Tagged s a -> Tagged s b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Tagged s a -> Tagged s b -> Tagged s c #

(*>) :: Tagged s a -> Tagged s b -> Tagged s b #

(<*) :: Tagged s a -> Tagged s b -> Tagged s a #

Applicative (Mag a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Biapplicative

Methods

pure :: a0 -> Mag a b a0 #

(<*>) :: Mag a b (a0 -> b0) -> Mag a b a0 -> Mag a b b0 #

liftA2 :: (a0 -> b0 -> c) -> Mag a b a0 -> Mag a b b0 -> Mag a b c #

(*>) :: Mag a b a0 -> Mag a b b0 -> Mag a b b0 #

(<*) :: Mag a b a0 -> Mag a b b0 -> Mag a b a0 #

Applicative ((->) a :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

pure :: a0 -> a -> a0 #

(<*>) :: (a -> (a0 -> b)) -> (a -> a0) -> a -> b #

liftA2 :: (a0 -> b -> c) -> (a -> a0) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c #

(*>) :: (a -> a0) -> (a -> b) -> a -> b #

(<*) :: (a -> a0) -> (a -> b) -> a -> a0 #

Monoid c => Applicative (K1 i c :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

pure :: a -> K1 i c a #

(<*>) :: K1 i c (a -> b) -> K1 i c a -> K1 i c b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c0) -> K1 i c a -> K1 i c b -> K1 i c c0 #

(*>) :: K1 i c a -> K1 i c b -> K1 i c b #

(<*) :: K1 i c a -> K1 i c b -> K1 i c a #

(Applicative f, Applicative g) => Applicative (f :*: g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

pure :: a -> (f :*: g) a #

(<*>) :: (f :*: g) (a -> b) -> (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) b -> (f :*: g) c #

(*>) :: (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) b -> (f :*: g) b #

(<*) :: (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) b -> (f :*: g) a #

(Applicative f, Applicative g) => Applicative (Product f g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Functor.Product

Methods

pure :: a -> Product f g a #

(<*>) :: Product f g (a -> b) -> Product f g a -> Product f g b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Product f g a -> Product f g b -> Product f g c #

(*>) :: Product f g a -> Product f g b -> Product f g b #

(<*) :: Product f g a -> Product f g b -> Product f g a #

(Monad f, Applicative f) => Applicative (WhenMatched f x y)

Equivalent to ReaderT Key (ReaderT x (ReaderT y (MaybeT f)))

Since: containers-0.5.9

Instance details

Defined in Data.IntMap.Internal

Methods

pure :: a -> WhenMatched f x y a #

(<*>) :: WhenMatched f x y (a -> b) -> WhenMatched f x y a -> WhenMatched f x y b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> WhenMatched f x y a -> WhenMatched f x y b -> WhenMatched f x y c #

(*>) :: WhenMatched f x y a -> WhenMatched f x y b -> WhenMatched f x y b #

(<*) :: WhenMatched f x y a -> WhenMatched f x y b -> WhenMatched f x y a #

(Applicative f, Monad f) => Applicative (WhenMissing f k x)

Equivalent to ReaderT k (ReaderT x (MaybeT f)) .

Since: containers-0.5.9

Instance details

Defined in Data.Map.Internal

Methods

pure :: a -> WhenMissing f k x a #

(<*>) :: WhenMissing f k x (a -> b) -> WhenMissing f k x a -> WhenMissing f k x b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> WhenMissing f k x a -> WhenMissing f k x b -> WhenMissing f k x c #

(*>) :: WhenMissing f k x a -> WhenMissing f k x b -> WhenMissing f k x b #

(<*) :: WhenMissing f k x a -> WhenMissing f k x b -> WhenMissing f k x a #

Applicative (ContT r m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Cont

Methods

pure :: a -> ContT r m a #

(<*>) :: ContT r m (a -> b) -> ContT r m a -> ContT r m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> ContT r m a -> ContT r m b -> ContT r m c #

(*>) :: ContT r m a -> ContT r m b -> ContT r m b #

(<*) :: ContT r m a -> ContT r m b -> ContT r m a #

Applicative m => Applicative (ReaderT r m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Reader

Methods

pure :: a -> ReaderT r m a #

(<*>) :: ReaderT r m (a -> b) -> ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m b -> ReaderT r m c #

(*>) :: ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m b -> ReaderT r m b #

(<*) :: ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m b -> ReaderT r m a #

Applicative f => Applicative (M1 i c f)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

pure :: a -> M1 i c f a #

(<*>) :: M1 i c f (a -> b) -> M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c0) -> M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f b -> M1 i c f c0 #

(*>) :: M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f b -> M1 i c f b #

(<*) :: M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f b -> M1 i c f a #

(Applicative f, Applicative g) => Applicative (f :.: g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

pure :: a -> (f :.: g) a #

(<*>) :: (f :.: g) (a -> b) -> (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) b -> (f :.: g) c #

(*>) :: (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) b -> (f :.: g) b #

(<*) :: (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) b -> (f :.: g) a #

(Applicative f, Applicative g) => Applicative (Compose f g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Functor.Compose

Methods

pure :: a -> Compose f g a #

(<*>) :: Compose f g (a -> b) -> Compose f g a -> Compose f g b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Compose f g a -> Compose f g b -> Compose f g c #

(*>) :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g b -> Compose f g b #

(<*) :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g b -> Compose f g a #

(Monad f, Applicative f) => Applicative (WhenMatched f k x y)

Equivalent to ReaderT k (ReaderT x (ReaderT y (MaybeT f)))

Since: containers-0.5.9

Instance details

Defined in Data.Map.Internal

Methods

pure :: a -> WhenMatched f k x y a #

(<*>) :: WhenMatched f k x y (a -> b) -> WhenMatched f k x y a -> WhenMatched f k x y b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> WhenMatched f k x y a -> WhenMatched f k x y b -> WhenMatched f k x y c #

(*>) :: WhenMatched f k x y a -> WhenMatched f k x y b -> WhenMatched f k x y b #

(<*) :: WhenMatched f k x y a -> WhenMatched f k x y b -> WhenMatched f k x y a #

(Monoid w, Functor m, Monad m) => Applicative (RWST r w s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.RWS.Lazy

Methods

pure :: a -> RWST r w s m a #

(<*>) :: RWST r w s m (a -> b) -> RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m b -> RWST r w s m c #

(*>) :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m b -> RWST r w s m b #

(<*) :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m b -> RWST r w s m a #

(Monoid w, Functor m, Monad m) => Applicative (RWST r w s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.RWS.Strict

Methods

pure :: a -> RWST r w s m a #

(<*>) :: RWST r w s m (a -> b) -> RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m b -> RWST r w s m c #

(*>) :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m b -> RWST r w s m b #

(<*) :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m b -> RWST r w s m a #

optional :: Alternative f => f a -> f (Maybe a) #

One or none.

(<$>) :: Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b infixl 4 #

An infix synonym for fmap.

The name of this operator is an allusion to $. Note the similarities between their types:

 ($)  ::              (a -> b) ->   a ->   b
(<$>) :: Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

Whereas $ is function application, <$> is function application lifted over a Functor.

Examples

Expand

Convert from a Maybe Int to a Maybe String using show:

>>> show <$> Nothing
Nothing
>>> show <$> Just 3
Just "3"

Convert from an Either Int Int to an Either Int String using show:

>>> show <$> Left 17
Left 17
>>> show <$> Right 17
Right "17"

Double each element of a list:

>>> (*2) <$> [1,2,3]
[2,4,6]

Apply even to the second element of a pair:

>>> even <$> (2,2)
(2,True)

class Applicative f => Alternative (f :: Type -> Type) where #

A monoid on applicative functors.

If defined, some and many should be the least solutions of the equations:

Minimal complete definition

empty, (<|>)

Methods

empty :: f a #

The identity of <|>

(<|>) :: f a -> f a -> f a infixl 3 #

An associative binary operation

some :: f a -> f [a] #

One or more.

many :: f a -> f [a] #

Zero or more.

Instances
Alternative []

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

empty :: [a] #

(<|>) :: [a] -> [a] -> [a] #

some :: [a] -> [[a]] #

many :: [a] -> [[a]] #

Alternative Maybe

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

empty :: Maybe a #

(<|>) :: Maybe a -> Maybe a -> Maybe a #

some :: Maybe a -> Maybe [a] #

many :: Maybe a -> Maybe [a] #

Alternative IO

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

empty :: IO a #

(<|>) :: IO a -> IO a -> IO a #

some :: IO a -> IO [a] #

many :: IO a -> IO [a] #

Alternative Concurrently 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Concurrent.Async

Alternative Option

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Methods

empty :: Option a #

(<|>) :: Option a -> Option a -> Option a #

some :: Option a -> Option [a] #

many :: Option a -> Option [a] #

Alternative ZipList

Since: base-4.11.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Control.Applicative

Methods

empty :: ZipList a #

(<|>) :: ZipList a -> ZipList a -> ZipList a #

some :: ZipList a -> ZipList [a] #

many :: ZipList a -> ZipList [a] #

Alternative STM

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Conc.Sync

Methods

empty :: STM a #

(<|>) :: STM a -> STM a -> STM a #

some :: STM a -> STM [a] #

many :: STM a -> STM [a] #

Alternative ReadPrec

Since: base-4.6.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadPrec

Methods

empty :: ReadPrec a #

(<|>) :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec a #

some :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec [a] #

many :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec [a] #

Alternative ReadP

Since: base-4.6.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP

Methods

empty :: ReadP a #

(<|>) :: ReadP a -> ReadP a -> ReadP a #

some :: ReadP a -> ReadP [a] #

many :: ReadP a -> ReadP [a] #

Alternative Seq

Since: containers-0.5.4

Instance details

Defined in Data.Sequence.Internal

Methods

empty :: Seq a #

(<|>) :: Seq a -> Seq a -> Seq a #

some :: Seq a -> Seq [a] #

many :: Seq a -> Seq [a] #

Alternative Optional 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Optional

Methods

empty :: Optional a #

(<|>) :: Optional a -> Optional a -> Optional a #

some :: Optional a -> Optional [a] #

many :: Optional a -> Optional [a] #

Alternative ReadM 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Types

Methods

empty :: ReadM a #

(<|>) :: ReadM a -> ReadM a -> ReadM a #

some :: ReadM a -> ReadM [a] #

many :: ReadM a -> ReadM [a] #

Alternative Parser 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Types

Methods

empty :: Parser a #

(<|>) :: Parser a -> Parser a -> Parser a #

some :: Parser a -> Parser [a] #

many :: Parser a -> Parser [a] #

Alternative SmallArray 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Primitive.SmallArray

Alternative Array 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Primitive.Array

Methods

empty :: Array a #

(<|>) :: Array a -> Array a -> Array a #

some :: Array a -> Array [a] #

many :: Array a -> Array [a] #

Alternative P

Since: base-4.5.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP

Methods

empty :: P a #

(<|>) :: P a -> P a -> P a #

some :: P a -> P [a] #

many :: P a -> P [a] #

Alternative Pattern Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Pattern

Methods

empty :: Pattern a #

(<|>) :: Pattern a -> Pattern a -> Pattern a #

some :: Pattern a -> Pattern [a] #

many :: Pattern a -> Pattern [a] #

Alternative Shell Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Shell

Methods

empty :: Shell a #

(<|>) :: Shell a -> Shell a -> Shell a #

some :: Shell a -> Shell [a] #

many :: Shell a -> Shell [a] #

Alternative (U1 :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

empty :: U1 a #

(<|>) :: U1 a -> U1 a -> U1 a #

some :: U1 a -> U1 [a] #

many :: U1 a -> U1 [a] #

MonadPlus m => Alternative (WrappedMonad m)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Control.Applicative

Methods

empty :: WrappedMonad m a #

(<|>) :: WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m a #

some :: WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m [a] #

many :: WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m [a] #

ArrowPlus a => Alternative (ArrowMonad a)

Since: base-4.6.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Control.Arrow

Methods

empty :: ArrowMonad a a0 #

(<|>) :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0 #

some :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a [a0] #

many :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a [a0] #

Alternative (Proxy :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Proxy

Methods

empty :: Proxy a #

(<|>) :: Proxy a -> Proxy a -> Proxy a #

some :: Proxy a -> Proxy [a] #

many :: Proxy a -> Proxy [a] #

(Functor m, Monad m) => Alternative (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

empty :: MaybeT m a #

(<|>) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a #

some :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m [a] #

many :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m [a] #

Alternative f => Alternative (Rec1 f)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

empty :: Rec1 f a #

(<|>) :: Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f a #

some :: Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f [a] #

many :: Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f [a] #

(ArrowZero a, ArrowPlus a) => Alternative (WrappedArrow a b)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Control.Applicative

Methods

empty :: WrappedArrow a b a0 #

(<|>) :: WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b a0 #

some :: WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b [a0] #

many :: WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b [a0] #

Alternative f => Alternative (Ap f)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Monoid

Methods

empty :: Ap f a #

(<|>) :: Ap f a -> Ap f a -> Ap f a #

some :: Ap f a -> Ap f [a] #

many :: Ap f a -> Ap f [a] #

Alternative f => Alternative (Alt f)

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

empty :: Alt f a #

(<|>) :: Alt f a -> Alt f a -> Alt f a #

some :: Alt f a -> Alt f [a] #

many :: Alt f a -> Alt f [a] #

Alternative m => Alternative (IdentityT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Identity

Methods

empty :: IdentityT m a #

(<|>) :: IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m a #

some :: IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m [a] #

many :: IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m [a] #

(Functor m, Monad m, Monoid e) => Alternative (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

empty :: ExceptT e m a #

(<|>) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a #

some :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m [a] #

many :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m [a] #

(Functor m, Monad m, Error e) => Alternative (ErrorT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Error

Methods

empty :: ErrorT e m a #

(<|>) :: ErrorT e m a -> ErrorT e m a -> ErrorT e m a #

some :: ErrorT e m a -> ErrorT e m [a] #

many :: ErrorT e m a -> ErrorT e m [a] #

(Functor m, MonadPlus m) => Alternative (StateT s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Lazy

Methods

empty :: StateT s m a #

(<|>) :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m a #

some :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m [a] #

many :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m [a] #

(Functor m, MonadPlus m) => Alternative (StateT s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Strict

Methods

empty :: StateT s m a #

(<|>) :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m a #

some :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m [a] #

many :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m [a] #

(Monoid w, Alternative m) => Alternative (WriterT w m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Writer.Lazy

Methods

empty :: WriterT w m a #

(<|>) :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a #

some :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m [a] #

many :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m [a] #

(Monoid w, Alternative m) => Alternative (WriterT w m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Writer.Strict

Methods

empty :: WriterT w m a #

(<|>) :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a #

some :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m [a] #

many :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m [a] #

(Alternative f, Alternative g) => Alternative (f :*: g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

empty :: (f :*: g) a #

(<|>) :: (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) a #

some :: (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) [a] #

many :: (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) [a] #

(Alternative f, Alternative g) => Alternative (Product f g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Functor.Product

Methods

empty :: Product f g a #

(<|>) :: Product f g a -> Product f g a -> Product f g a #

some :: Product f g a -> Product f g [a] #

many :: Product f g a -> Product f g [a] #

Alternative m => Alternative (ReaderT r m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Reader

Methods

empty :: ReaderT r m a #

(<|>) :: ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m a #

some :: ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m [a] #

many :: ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m [a] #

Alternative f => Alternative (M1 i c f)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

empty :: M1 i c f a #

(<|>) :: M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f a #

some :: M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f [a] #

many :: M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f [a] #

(Alternative f, Applicative g) => Alternative (f :.: g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

empty :: (f :.: g) a #

(<|>) :: (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) a #

some :: (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) [a] #

many :: (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) [a] #

(Alternative f, Applicative g) => Alternative (Compose f g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Functor.Compose

Methods

empty :: Compose f g a #

(<|>) :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g a -> Compose f g a #

some :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g [a] #

many :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g [a] #

(Monoid w, Functor m, MonadPlus m) => Alternative (RWST r w s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.RWS.Lazy

Methods

empty :: RWST r w s m a #

(<|>) :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a #

some :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m [a] #

many :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m [a] #

(Monoid w, Functor m, MonadPlus m) => Alternative (RWST r w s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.RWS.Strict

Methods

empty :: RWST r w s m a #

(<|>) :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a #

some :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m [a] #

many :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m [a] #

guard :: Alternative f => Bool -> f () #

Conditional failure of Alternative computations. Defined by

guard True  = pure ()
guard False = empty

Examples

Expand

Common uses of guard include conditionally signaling an error in an error monad and conditionally rejecting the current choice in an Alternative-based parser.

As an example of signaling an error in the error monad Maybe, consider a safe division function safeDiv x y that returns Nothing when the denominator y is zero and Just (x `div` y) otherwise. For example:

>>> safeDiv 4 0
Nothing
>>> safeDiv 4 2
Just 2

A definition of safeDiv using guards, but not guard:

safeDiv :: Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
safeDiv x y | y /= 0    = Just (x `div` y)
            | otherwise = Nothing

A definition of safeDiv using guard and Monad do-notation:

safeDiv :: Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
safeDiv x y = do
  guard (y /= 0)
  return (x `div` y)

join :: Monad m => m (m a) -> m a #

The join function is the conventional monad join operator. It is used to remove one level of monadic structure, projecting its bound argument into the outer level.

Examples

Expand

A common use of join is to run an IO computation returned from an STM transaction, since STM transactions can't perform IO directly. Recall that

atomically :: STM a -> IO a

is used to run STM transactions atomically. So, by specializing the types of atomically and join to

atomically :: STM (IO b) -> IO (IO b)
join       :: IO (IO b)  -> IO b

we can compose them as

join . atomically :: STM (IO b) -> IO b

to run an STM transaction and the IO action it returns.

mfilter :: MonadPlus m => (a -> Bool) -> m a -> m a #

Direct MonadPlus equivalent of filter.

Examples

Expand

The filter function is just mfilter specialized to the list monad:

filter = ( mfilter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] )

An example using mfilter with the Maybe monad:

>>> mfilter odd (Just 1)
Just 1
>>> mfilter odd (Just 2)
Nothing

unless :: Applicative f => Bool -> f () -> f () #

The reverse of when.

replicateM_ :: Applicative m => Int -> m a -> m () #

Like replicateM, but discards the result.

forever :: Applicative f => f a -> f b #

Repeat an action indefinitely.

Examples

Expand

A common use of forever is to process input from network sockets, Handles, and channels (e.g. MVar and Chan).

For example, here is how we might implement an echo server, using forever both to listen for client connections on a network socket and to echo client input on client connection handles:

echoServer :: Socket -> IO ()
echoServer socket = forever $ do
  client <- accept socket
  forkFinally (echo client) (\_ -> hClose client)
  where
    echo :: Handle -> IO ()
    echo client = forever $
      hGetLine client >>= hPutStrLn client

(<=<) :: Monad m => (b -> m c) -> (a -> m b) -> a -> m c infixr 1 #

Right-to-left composition of Kleisli arrows. (>=>), with the arguments flipped.

Note how this operator resembles function composition (.):

(.)   ::            (b ->   c) -> (a ->   b) -> a ->   c
(<=<) :: Monad m => (b -> m c) -> (a -> m b) -> a -> m c

(>=>) :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> (b -> m c) -> a -> m c infixr 1 #

Left-to-right composition of Kleisli arrows.

msum :: (Foldable t, MonadPlus m) => t (m a) -> m a #

The sum of a collection of actions, generalizing concat. As of base 4.8.0.0, msum is just asum, specialized to MonadPlus.

void :: Functor f => f a -> f () #

void value discards or ignores the result of evaluation, such as the return value of an IO action.

Examples

Expand

Replace the contents of a Maybe Int with unit:

>>> void Nothing
Nothing
>>> void (Just 3)
Just ()

Replace the contents of an Either Int Int with unit, resulting in an Either Int '()':

>>> void (Left 8675309)
Left 8675309
>>> void (Right 8675309)
Right ()

Replace every element of a list with unit:

>>> void [1,2,3]
[(),(),()]

Replace the second element of a pair with unit:

>>> void (1,2)
(1,())

Discard the result of an IO action:

>>> mapM print [1,2]
1
2
[(),()]
>>> void $ mapM print [1,2]
1
2

when :: Applicative f => Bool -> f () -> f () #

Conditional execution of Applicative expressions. For example,

when debug (putStrLn "Debugging")

will output the string Debugging if the Boolean value debug is True, and otherwise do nothing.

class (Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (m :: Type -> Type) where #

Monads that also support choice and failure.

Minimal complete definition

Nothing

Methods

mzero :: m a #

The identity of mplus. It should also satisfy the equations

mzero >>= f  =  mzero
v >> mzero   =  mzero

The default definition is

mzero = empty

mplus :: m a -> m a -> m a #

An associative operation. The default definition is

mplus = (<|>)
Instances
MonadPlus []

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mzero :: [a] #

mplus :: [a] -> [a] -> [a] #

MonadPlus Maybe

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mzero :: Maybe a #

mplus :: Maybe a -> Maybe a -> Maybe a #

MonadPlus IO

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mzero :: IO a #

mplus :: IO a -> IO a -> IO a #

MonadPlus Option

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Methods

mzero :: Option a #

mplus :: Option a -> Option a -> Option a #

MonadPlus STM

Since: base-4.3.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Conc.Sync

Methods

mzero :: STM a #

mplus :: STM a -> STM a -> STM a #

MonadPlus ReadPrec

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadPrec

Methods

mzero :: ReadPrec a #

mplus :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec a #

MonadPlus ReadP

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP

Methods

mzero :: ReadP a #

mplus :: ReadP a -> ReadP a -> ReadP a #

MonadPlus Seq 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Sequence.Internal

Methods

mzero :: Seq a #

mplus :: Seq a -> Seq a -> Seq a #

MonadPlus Optional 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Optional

Methods

mzero :: Optional a #

mplus :: Optional a -> Optional a -> Optional a #

MonadPlus ReadM 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Types

Methods

mzero :: ReadM a #

mplus :: ReadM a -> ReadM a -> ReadM a #

MonadPlus SmallArray 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Primitive.SmallArray

MonadPlus Array 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Primitive.Array

Methods

mzero :: Array a #

mplus :: Array a -> Array a -> Array a #

MonadPlus P

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP

Methods

mzero :: P a #

mplus :: P a -> P a -> P a #

MonadPlus Pattern Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Pattern

Methods

mzero :: Pattern a #

mplus :: Pattern a -> Pattern a -> Pattern a #

MonadPlus Shell Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Shell

Methods

mzero :: Shell a #

mplus :: Shell a -> Shell a -> Shell a #

MonadPlus (U1 :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mzero :: U1 a #

mplus :: U1 a -> U1 a -> U1 a #

(ArrowApply a, ArrowPlus a) => MonadPlus (ArrowMonad a)

Since: base-4.6.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Control.Arrow

Methods

mzero :: ArrowMonad a a0 #

mplus :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0 #

MonadPlus (Proxy :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Proxy

Methods

mzero :: Proxy a #

mplus :: Proxy a -> Proxy a -> Proxy a #

Monad m => MonadPlus (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

mzero :: MaybeT m a #

mplus :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a #

MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (Rec1 f)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mzero :: Rec1 f a #

mplus :: Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f a #

MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (Ap f)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Monoid

Methods

mzero :: Ap f a #

mplus :: Ap f a -> Ap f a -> Ap f a #

MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (Alt f)

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

mzero :: Alt f a #

mplus :: Alt f a -> Alt f a -> Alt f a #

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (IdentityT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Identity

Methods

mzero :: IdentityT m a #

mplus :: IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m a #

(Monad m, Monoid e) => MonadPlus (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

mzero :: ExceptT e m a #

mplus :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a #

(Monad m, Error e) => MonadPlus (ErrorT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Error

Methods

mzero :: ErrorT e m a #

mplus :: ErrorT e m a -> ErrorT e m a -> ErrorT e m a #

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (StateT s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Lazy

Methods

mzero :: StateT s m a #

mplus :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m a #

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (StateT s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Strict

Methods

mzero :: StateT s m a #

mplus :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m a #

(Monoid w, MonadPlus m) => MonadPlus (WriterT w m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Writer.Lazy

Methods

mzero :: WriterT w m a #

mplus :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a #

(Monoid w, MonadPlus m) => MonadPlus (WriterT w m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Writer.Strict

Methods

mzero :: WriterT w m a #

mplus :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a #

(MonadPlus f, MonadPlus g) => MonadPlus (f :*: g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mzero :: (f :*: g) a #

mplus :: (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) a #

(MonadPlus f, MonadPlus g) => MonadPlus (Product f g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Functor.Product

Methods

mzero :: Product f g a #

mplus :: Product f g a -> Product f g a -> Product f g a #

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (ReaderT r m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Reader

Methods

mzero :: ReaderT r m a #

mplus :: ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m a #

MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (M1 i c f)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mzero :: M1 i c f a #

mplus :: M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f a #

(Monoid w, MonadPlus m) => MonadPlus (RWST r w s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.RWS.Lazy

Methods

mzero :: RWST r w s m a #

mplus :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a #

(Monoid w, MonadPlus m) => MonadPlus (RWST r w s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.RWS.Strict

Methods

mzero :: RWST r w s m a #

mplus :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a #

class Monad m => MonadIO (m :: Type -> Type) where #

Monads in which IO computations may be embedded. Any monad built by applying a sequence of monad transformers to the IO monad will be an instance of this class.

Instances should satisfy the following laws, which state that liftIO is a transformer of monads:

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> m a #

Lift a computation from the IO monad.

Instances
MonadIO IO

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.IO.Class

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> IO a #

MonadIO Q 
Instance details

Defined in Language.Haskell.TH.Syntax

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> Q a #

MonadIO Managed 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> Managed a #

MonadIO Shell Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Shell

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> Shell a #

MonadIO m => MonadIO (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> MaybeT m a #

MonadIO m => MonadIO (IdentityT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Identity

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> IdentityT m a #

MonadIO m => MonadIO (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> ExceptT e m a #

(Error e, MonadIO m) => MonadIO (ErrorT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Error

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> ErrorT e m a #

MonadIO m => MonadIO (StateT s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Lazy

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> StateT s m a #

MonadIO m => MonadIO (StateT s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Strict

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> StateT s m a #

(Monoid w, MonadIO m) => MonadIO (WriterT w m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Writer.Lazy

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> WriterT w m a #

(Monoid w, MonadIO m) => MonadIO (WriterT w m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Writer.Strict

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> WriterT w m a #

MonadIO m => MonadIO (ContT r m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Cont

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> ContT r m a #

MonadIO m => MonadIO (ReaderT r m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Reader

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> ReaderT r m a #

(Monoid w, MonadIO m) => MonadIO (RWST r w s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.RWS.Lazy

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> RWST r w s m a #

(Monoid w, MonadIO m) => MonadIO (RWST r w s m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.RWS.Strict

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> RWST r w s m a #

(<>) :: Semigroup a => a -> a -> a infixr 6 #

An associative operation.

class Semigroup a => Monoid a where #

The class of monoids (types with an associative binary operation that has an identity). Instances should satisfy the following laws:

The method names refer to the monoid of lists under concatenation, but there are many other instances.

Some types can be viewed as a monoid in more than one way, e.g. both addition and multiplication on numbers. In such cases we often define newtypes and make those instances of Monoid, e.g. Sum and Product.

NOTE: Semigroup is a superclass of Monoid since base-4.11.0.0.

Minimal complete definition

mempty

Methods

mempty :: a #

Identity of mappend

mappend :: a -> a -> a #

An associative operation

NOTE: This method is redundant and has the default implementation mappend = '(<>)' since base-4.11.0.0.

mconcat :: [a] -> a #

Fold a list using the monoid.

For most types, the default definition for mconcat will be used, but the function is included in the class definition so that an optimized version can be provided for specific types.

Instances
Monoid Ordering

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Monoid ()

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mempty :: () #

mappend :: () -> () -> () #

mconcat :: [()] -> () #

Monoid Doc 
Instance details

Defined in Text.PrettyPrint.ANSI.Leijen.Internal

Methods

mempty :: Doc #

mappend :: Doc -> Doc -> Doc #

mconcat :: [Doc] -> Doc #

Monoid All

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

mempty :: All #

mappend :: All -> All -> All #

mconcat :: [All] -> All #

Monoid Any

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

mempty :: Any #

mappend :: Any -> Any -> Any #

mconcat :: [Any] -> Any #

Monoid ByteString 
Instance details

Defined in Data.ByteString.Internal

Monoid Builder 
Instance details

Defined in Data.ByteString.Builder.Internal

Monoid IntSet 
Instance details

Defined in Data.IntSet.Internal

Monoid PrefsMod 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Builder

Monoid ParseError 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Types

Monoid Completer 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Types

Monoid Doc 
Instance details

Defined in Text.PrettyPrint.HughesPJ

Methods

mempty :: Doc #

mappend :: Doc -> Doc -> Doc #

mconcat :: [Doc] -> Doc #

Monoid ByteArray 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Primitive.ByteArray

Monoid Line Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Line

Methods

mempty :: Line #

mappend :: Line -> Line -> Line #

mconcat :: [Line] -> Line #

Monoid [a]

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mempty :: [a] #

mappend :: [a] -> [a] -> [a] #

mconcat :: [[a]] -> [a] #

Semigroup a => Monoid (Maybe a)

Lift a semigroup into Maybe forming a Monoid according to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoid: "Any semigroup S may be turned into a monoid simply by adjoining an element e not in S and defining e*e = e and e*s = s = s*e for all s ∈ S."

Since 4.11.0: constraint on inner a value generalised from Monoid to Semigroup.

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mempty :: Maybe a #

mappend :: Maybe a -> Maybe a -> Maybe a #

mconcat :: [Maybe a] -> Maybe a #

Monoid a => Monoid (IO a)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mempty :: IO a #

mappend :: IO a -> IO a -> IO a #

mconcat :: [IO a] -> IO a #

Monoid p => Monoid (Par1 p)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mempty :: Par1 p #

mappend :: Par1 p -> Par1 p -> Par1 p #

mconcat :: [Par1 p] -> Par1 p #

(Semigroup a, Monoid a) => Monoid (Concurrently a)

Since: async-2.1.0

Instance details

Defined in Control.Concurrent.Async

(Ord a, Bounded a) => Monoid (Min a)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Methods

mempty :: Min a #

mappend :: Min a -> Min a -> Min a #

mconcat :: [Min a] -> Min a #

(Ord a, Bounded a) => Monoid (Max a)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Methods

mempty :: Max a #

mappend :: Max a -> Max a -> Max a #

mconcat :: [Max a] -> Max a #

Monoid m => Monoid (WrappedMonoid m)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Semigroup a => Monoid (Option a)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Methods

mempty :: Option a #

mappend :: Option a -> Option a -> Option a #

mconcat :: [Option a] -> Option a #

Monoid a => Monoid (Identity a)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Functor.Identity

Methods

mempty :: Identity a #

mappend :: Identity a -> Identity a -> Identity a #

mconcat :: [Identity a] -> Identity a #

Monoid (First a)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Data.Monoid

Methods

mempty :: First a #

mappend :: First a -> First a -> First a #

mconcat :: [First a] -> First a #

Monoid (Last a)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Data.Monoid

Methods

mempty :: Last a #

mappend :: Last a -> Last a -> Last a #

mconcat :: [Last a] -> Last a #

Monoid a => Monoid (Dual a)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

mempty :: Dual a #

mappend :: Dual a -> Dual a -> Dual a #

mconcat :: [Dual a] -> Dual a #

Monoid (Endo a)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

mempty :: Endo a #

mappend :: Endo a -> Endo a -> Endo a #

mconcat :: [Endo a] -> Endo a #

Num a => Monoid (Sum a)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

mempty :: Sum a #

mappend :: Sum a -> Sum a -> Sum a #

mconcat :: [Sum a] -> Sum a #

Num a => Monoid (Product a)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

mempty :: Product a #

mappend :: Product a -> Product a -> Product a #

mconcat :: [Product a] -> Product a #

Monoid a => Monoid (Down a)

Since: base-4.11.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Ord

Methods

mempty :: Down a #

mappend :: Down a -> Down a -> Down a #

mconcat :: [Down a] -> Down a #

Num a => Monoid (Colour a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Colour.Internal

Methods

mempty :: Colour a #

mappend :: Colour a -> Colour a -> Colour a #

mconcat :: [Colour a] -> Colour a #

Num a => Monoid (AlphaColour a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Colour.Internal

Monoid (IntMap a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.IntMap.Internal

Methods

mempty :: IntMap a #

mappend :: IntMap a -> IntMap a -> IntMap a #

mconcat :: [IntMap a] -> IntMap a #

Monoid (Seq a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Sequence.Internal

Methods

mempty :: Seq a #

mappend :: Seq a -> Seq a -> Seq a #

mconcat :: [Seq a] -> Seq a #

Ord a => Monoid (Set a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Set.Internal

Methods

mempty :: Set a #

mappend :: Set a -> Set a -> Set a #

mconcat :: [Set a] -> Set a #

Monoid a => Monoid (Managed a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

mempty :: Managed a #

mappend :: Managed a -> Managed a -> Managed a #

mconcat :: [Managed a] -> Managed a #

Monoid a => Monoid (Optional a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Optional

Methods

mempty :: Optional a #

mappend :: Optional a -> Optional a -> Optional a #

mconcat :: [Optional a] -> Optional a #

Monoid (InfoMod a) 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Builder

Methods

mempty :: InfoMod a #

mappend :: InfoMod a -> InfoMod a -> InfoMod a #

mconcat :: [InfoMod a] -> InfoMod a #

Monoid (DefaultProp a) 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Builder.Internal

Monoid (Doc a) 
Instance details

Defined in Text.PrettyPrint.Annotated.HughesPJ

Methods

mempty :: Doc a #

mappend :: Doc a -> Doc a -> Doc a #

mconcat :: [Doc a] -> Doc a #

PrimUnlifted a => Monoid (UnliftedArray a)

Since: primitive-0.6.4.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Primitive.UnliftedArray

Monoid (PrimArray a)

Since: primitive-0.6.4.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Primitive.PrimArray

Monoid (SmallArray a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Primitive.SmallArray

Monoid (Array a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Primitive.Array

Methods

mempty :: Array a #

mappend :: Array a -> Array a -> Array a #

mconcat :: [Array a] -> Array a #

(Hashable a, Eq a) => Monoid (HashSet a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.HashSet

Methods

mempty :: HashSet a #

mappend :: HashSet a -> HashSet a -> HashSet a #

mconcat :: [HashSet a] -> HashSet a #

Prim a => Monoid (Vector a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Vector.Primitive

Methods

mempty :: Vector a #

mappend :: Vector a -> Vector a -> Vector a #

mconcat :: [Vector a] -> Vector a #

Monoid a => Monoid (Pattern a) Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Pattern

Methods

mempty :: Pattern a #

mappend :: Pattern a -> Pattern a -> Pattern a #

mconcat :: [Pattern a] -> Pattern a #

Monoid a => Monoid (Shell a) Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Shell

Methods

mempty :: Shell a #

mappend :: Shell a -> Shell a -> Shell a #

mconcat :: [Shell a] -> Shell a #

Monoid (MergeSet a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Set.Internal

Methods

mempty :: MergeSet a #

mappend :: MergeSet a -> MergeSet a -> MergeSet a #

mconcat :: [MergeSet a] -> MergeSet a #

Monoid b => Monoid (a -> b)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mempty :: a -> b #

mappend :: (a -> b) -> (a -> b) -> a -> b #

mconcat :: [a -> b] -> a -> b #

Monoid (U1 p)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mempty :: U1 p #

mappend :: U1 p -> U1 p -> U1 p #

mconcat :: [U1 p] -> U1 p #

(Monoid a, Monoid b) => Monoid (a, b)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mempty :: (a, b) #

mappend :: (a, b) -> (a, b) -> (a, b) #

mconcat :: [(a, b)] -> (a, b) #

Monoid (Proxy s)

Since: base-4.7.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Proxy

Methods

mempty :: Proxy s #

mappend :: Proxy s -> Proxy s -> Proxy s #

mconcat :: [Proxy s] -> Proxy s #

Ord k => Monoid (Map k v) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Map.Internal

Methods

mempty :: Map k v #

mappend :: Map k v -> Map k v -> Map k v #

mconcat :: [Map k v] -> Map k v #

Monoid b => Monoid (Fold a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

mempty :: Fold a b #

mappend :: Fold a b -> Fold a b -> Fold a b #

mconcat :: [Fold a b] -> Fold a b #

Monad m => Monoid (EndoM m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

mempty :: EndoM m a #

mappend :: EndoM m a -> EndoM m a -> EndoM m a #

mconcat :: [EndoM m a] -> EndoM m a #

Monoid (Mod f a) 
Instance details

Defined in Options.Applicative.Builder.Internal

Methods

mempty :: Mod f a #

mappend :: Mod f a -> Mod f a -> Mod f a #

mconcat :: [Mod f a] -> Mod f a #

(Eq k, Hashable k) => Monoid (HashMap k v) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.HashMap.Base

Methods

mempty :: HashMap k v #

mappend :: HashMap k v -> HashMap k v -> HashMap k v #

mconcat :: [HashMap k v] -> HashMap k v #

Monoid (f p) => Monoid (Rec1 f p)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mempty :: Rec1 f p #

mappend :: Rec1 f p -> Rec1 f p -> Rec1 f p #

mconcat :: [Rec1 f p] -> Rec1 f p #

(Monoid a, Monoid b, Monoid c) => Monoid (a, b, c)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mempty :: (a, b, c) #

mappend :: (a, b, c) -> (a, b, c) -> (a, b, c) #

mconcat :: [(a, b, c)] -> (a, b, c) #

Monoid a => Monoid (Const a b)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Functor.Const

Methods

mempty :: Const a b #

mappend :: Const a b -> Const a b -> Const a b #

mconcat :: [Const a b] -> Const a b #

(Applicative f, Monoid a) => Monoid (Ap f a)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Monoid

Methods

mempty :: Ap f a #

mappend :: Ap f a -> Ap f a -> Ap f a #

mconcat :: [Ap f a] -> Ap f a #

Alternative f => Monoid (Alt f a)

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

mempty :: Alt f a #

mappend :: Alt f a -> Alt f a -> Alt f a #

mconcat :: [Alt f a] -> Alt f a #

(Monoid b, Monad m) => Monoid (FoldM m a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

mempty :: FoldM m a b #

mappend :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

mconcat :: [FoldM m a b] -> FoldM m a b #

(Semigroup a, Monoid a) => Monoid (Tagged s a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Tagged

Methods

mempty :: Tagged s a #

mappend :: Tagged s a -> Tagged s a -> Tagged s a #

mconcat :: [Tagged s a] -> Tagged s a #

Monoid c => Monoid (K1 i c p)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mempty :: K1 i c p #

mappend :: K1 i c p -> K1 i c p -> K1 i c p #

mconcat :: [K1 i c p] -> K1 i c p #

(Monoid (f p), Monoid (g p)) => Monoid ((f :*: g) p)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mempty :: (f :*: g) p #

mappend :: (f :*: g) p -> (f :*: g) p -> (f :*: g) p #

mconcat :: [(f :*: g) p] -> (f :*: g) p #

(Monoid a, Monoid b, Monoid c, Monoid d) => Monoid (a, b, c, d)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mempty :: (a, b, c, d) #

mappend :: (a, b, c, d) -> (a, b, c, d) -> (a, b, c, d) #

mconcat :: [(a, b, c, d)] -> (a, b, c, d) #

Monoid (f p) => Monoid (M1 i c f p)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mempty :: M1 i c f p #

mappend :: M1 i c f p -> M1 i c f p -> M1 i c f p #

mconcat :: [M1 i c f p] -> M1 i c f p #

Monoid (f (g p)) => Monoid ((f :.: g) p)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mempty :: (f :.: g) p #

mappend :: (f :.: g) p -> (f :.: g) p -> (f :.: g) p #

mconcat :: [(f :.: g) p] -> (f :.: g) p #

(Monoid a, Monoid b, Monoid c, Monoid d, Monoid e) => Monoid (a, b, c, d, e)

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mempty :: (a, b, c, d, e) #

mappend :: (a, b, c, d, e) -> (a, b, c, d, e) -> (a, b, c, d, e) #

mconcat :: [(a, b, c, d, e)] -> (a, b, c, d, e) #

runManaged :: Managed () -> IO () #

Run a Managed computation, enforcing that no acquired resources leak

with :: Managed a -> (a -> IO r) -> IO r #

Acquire a Managed value

This is a potentially unsafe function since it allows a resource to escape its scope. For example, you might use Managed to safely acquire a file handle, like this:

import qualified System.IO as IO

example :: Managed Handle
example = managed (IO.withFile "foo.txt" IO.ReadMode)

... and if you never used the with function then you would never run the risk of accessing the Handle after the file was closed. However, if you use with then you can incorrectly access the handle after the handle is closed, like this:

bad :: IO ()
bad = do
    handle <- with example return
    IO.hPutStrLn handle "bar"  -- This will fail because the handle is closed

... so only use with if you know what you are doing and you're returning a value that is not a resource being managed.

managed :: (forall r. (a -> IO r) -> IO r) -> Managed a #

Build a Managed value

data Managed a #

A managed resource that you acquire using with

Instances
Monad Managed 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

(>>=) :: Managed a -> (a -> Managed b) -> Managed b #

(>>) :: Managed a -> Managed b -> Managed b #

return :: a -> Managed a #

fail :: String -> Managed a #

Functor Managed 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

fmap :: (a -> b) -> Managed a -> Managed b #

(<$) :: a -> Managed b -> Managed a #

Applicative Managed 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

pure :: a -> Managed a #

(<*>) :: Managed (a -> b) -> Managed a -> Managed b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Managed a -> Managed b -> Managed c #

(*>) :: Managed a -> Managed b -> Managed b #

(<*) :: Managed a -> Managed b -> Managed a #

MonadIO Managed 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> Managed a #

MonadManaged Managed 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

using :: Managed a -> Managed a #

Floating a => Floating (Managed a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

pi :: Managed a #

exp :: Managed a -> Managed a #

log :: Managed a -> Managed a #

sqrt :: Managed a -> Managed a #

(**) :: Managed a -> Managed a -> Managed a #

logBase :: Managed a -> Managed a -> Managed a #

sin :: Managed a -> Managed a #

cos :: Managed a -> Managed a #

tan :: Managed a -> Managed a #

asin :: Managed a -> Managed a #

acos :: Managed a -> Managed a #

atan :: Managed a -> Managed a #

sinh :: Managed a -> Managed a #

cosh :: Managed a -> Managed a #

tanh :: Managed a -> Managed a #

asinh :: Managed a -> Managed a #

acosh :: Managed a -> Managed a #

atanh :: Managed a -> Managed a #

log1p :: Managed a -> Managed a #

expm1 :: Managed a -> Managed a #

log1pexp :: Managed a -> Managed a #

log1mexp :: Managed a -> Managed a #

Fractional a => Fractional (Managed a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

(/) :: Managed a -> Managed a -> Managed a #

recip :: Managed a -> Managed a #

fromRational :: Rational -> Managed a #

Num a => Num (Managed a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

(+) :: Managed a -> Managed a -> Managed a #

(-) :: Managed a -> Managed a -> Managed a #

(*) :: Managed a -> Managed a -> Managed a #

negate :: Managed a -> Managed a #

abs :: Managed a -> Managed a #

signum :: Managed a -> Managed a #

fromInteger :: Integer -> Managed a #

Semigroup a => Semigroup (Managed a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

(<>) :: Managed a -> Managed a -> Managed a #

sconcat :: NonEmpty (Managed a) -> Managed a #

stimes :: Integral b => b -> Managed a -> Managed a #

Monoid a => Monoid (Managed a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Managed

Methods

mempty :: Managed a #

mappend :: Managed a -> Managed a -> Managed a #

mconcat :: [Managed a] -> Managed a #

data FilePath #

Instances
Eq FilePath 
Instance details

Defined in Filesystem.Path.Internal

Data FilePath 
Instance details

Defined in Filesystem.Path.Internal

Methods

gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> FilePath -> c FilePath #

gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c FilePath #

toConstr :: FilePath -> Constr #

dataTypeOf :: FilePath -> DataType #

dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c FilePath) #

dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c FilePath) #

gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> FilePath -> FilePath #

gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> FilePath -> r #

gmapQr :: (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> FilePath -> r #

gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> FilePath -> [u] #

gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> FilePath -> u #

gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> FilePath -> m FilePath #

gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> FilePath -> m FilePath #

gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> FilePath -> m FilePath #

Ord FilePath 
Instance details

Defined in Filesystem.Path.Internal

NFData FilePath 
Instance details

Defined in Filesystem.Path.Internal

Methods

rnf :: FilePath -> () #

decodeString :: String -> FilePath #

Attempt to parse a FilePath from a string suitable for use with functions in System.IO. Do not use this function for parsing human‐readable paths, as the character set decoding is platform‐dependent. For converting human‐readable text to a FilePath, use fromText.

Since: 0.3.1

encodeString :: FilePath -> String #

Attempt to convert a FilePath to a string suitable for use with functions in System.IO. The contents of this string are platform‐dependent, and are not guaranteed to be human‐readable. For converting FilePaths to a human‐readable format, use toText.

Since: 0.3.1

fromText :: Text -> FilePath #

Convert human‐readable text into a FilePath.

This function ignores the user’s locale, and assumes all file paths are encoded in UTF8. If you need to create file paths with an unusual or obscure encoding, encode them manually and then use decode.

Since: 0.2

toText :: FilePath -> Either Text Text #

Attempt to convert a FilePath to human‐readable text.

If the path is decoded successfully, the result is a Right containing the decoded text. Successfully decoded text can be converted back to the original path using fromText.

If the path cannot be decoded, the result is a Left containing an approximation of the original path. If displayed to the user, this value should be accompanied by some warning that the path has an invalid encoding. Approximated text cannot be converted back to the original path.

This function ignores the user’s locale, and assumes all file paths are encoded in UTF8. If you need to display file paths with an unusual or obscure encoding, use encode and then decode them manually.

Since: 0.2

dropExtension :: FilePath -> FilePath #

Remove a FilePath’s last extension.

(<.>) :: FilePath -> Text -> FilePath #

An alias for addExtension.

hasExtension :: FilePath -> Text -> Bool #

Get whether a FilePath’s last extension is the predicate.

extension :: FilePath -> Maybe Text #

Get a FilePath’s last extension, or Nothing if it has no extensions.

splitDirectories :: FilePath -> [FilePath] #

expand a FilePath into a list of the root name, directories, and file name

Since: 0.4.7

collapse :: FilePath -> FilePath #

Remove intermediate "." and ".." directories from a path.

collapse "/foo/./bar" == "/foo/bar"
collapse "/foo/bar/../baz" == "/foo/baz"
collapse "/foo/../../bar" == "/bar"
collapse "./foo/bar" == "./foo/baz"

Note that if any of the elements are symbolic links, collapse may change which file the path resolves to.

Since: 0.2

stripPrefix :: FilePath -> FilePath -> Maybe FilePath #

Remove a prefix from a path.

stripPrefix "/foo/" "/foo/bar/baz.txt" == Just "bar/baz.txt"
stripPrefix "/foo/" "/bar/baz.txt" == Nothing

This function operates on logical prefixes, rather than by counting characters. The prefix "/foo/bar/baz" is interpreted the path ("/foo/bar/", "baz"), and will be stripped accordingly:

stripPrefix "/foo/bar/baz" "/foo/bar/baz/qux" == Nothing
stripPrefix "/foo/bar/baz" "/foo/bar/baz.txt" == Just ".txt"

Since: 0.4.1

commonPrefix :: [FilePath] -> FilePath #

Find the greatest common prefix between a list of FilePaths.

(</>) :: FilePath -> FilePath -> FilePath #

An alias for append.

relative :: FilePath -> Bool #

Test whether a path is relative.

absolute :: FilePath -> Bool #

Test whether a path is absolute.

basename :: FilePath -> FilePath #

Retrieve a FilePath’s basename component.

basename "foo/bar.txt" == "bar"

dirname :: FilePath -> FilePath #

Retrieve a FilePath’s directory name. This is only the file name of the directory, not its full path.

dirname "foo/bar/baz.txt" == "bar"
dirname "/" == ""

Since: 0.4.1

filename :: FilePath -> FilePath #

Retrieve a FilePath’s filename component.

filename "foo/bar.txt" == "bar.txt"

parent :: FilePath -> FilePath #

Retrieves the FilePath’s parent directory.

directory :: FilePath -> FilePath #

Retrieves the FilePath’s directory. If the path is already a directory, it is returned unchanged.

root :: FilePath -> FilePath #

Retrieves the FilePath’s root.

data Fold a b where #

Efficient representation of a left fold that preserves the fold's step function, initial accumulator, and extraction function

This allows the Applicative instance to assemble derived folds that traverse the container only once

A 'Fold a b' processes elements of type a and results in a value of type b.

Constructors

Fold :: forall a b x. (x -> a -> x) -> x -> (x -> b) -> Fold a b

Fold step initial extract

Instances
Choice Fold 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

left' :: Fold a b -> Fold (Either a c) (Either b c) #

right' :: Fold a b -> Fold (Either c a) (Either c b) #

Profunctor Fold 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Fold b c -> Fold a d #

lmap :: (a -> b) -> Fold b c -> Fold a c #

rmap :: (b -> c) -> Fold a b -> Fold a c #

(#.) :: Coercible c b => q b c -> Fold a b -> Fold a c #

(.#) :: Coercible b a => Fold b c -> q a b -> Fold a c #

Functor (Fold a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

fmap :: (a0 -> b) -> Fold a a0 -> Fold a b #

(<$) :: a0 -> Fold a b -> Fold a a0 #

Applicative (Fold a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

pure :: a0 -> Fold a a0 #

(<*>) :: Fold a (a0 -> b) -> Fold a a0 -> Fold a b #

liftA2 :: (a0 -> b -> c) -> Fold a a0 -> Fold a b -> Fold a c #

(*>) :: Fold a a0 -> Fold a b -> Fold a b #

(<*) :: Fold a a0 -> Fold a b -> Fold a a0 #

Comonad (Fold a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

extract :: Fold a a0 -> a0 #

duplicate :: Fold a a0 -> Fold a (Fold a a0) #

extend :: (Fold a a0 -> b) -> Fold a a0 -> Fold a b #

Semigroupoid Fold 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

o :: Fold j k1 -> Fold i j -> Fold i k1 #

Floating b => Floating (Fold a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

pi :: Fold a b #

exp :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

log :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

sqrt :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

(**) :: Fold a b -> Fold a b -> Fold a b #

logBase :: Fold a b -> Fold a b -> Fold a b #

sin :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

cos :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

tan :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

asin :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

acos :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

atan :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

sinh :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

cosh :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

tanh :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

asinh :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

acosh :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

atanh :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

log1p :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

expm1 :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

log1pexp :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

log1mexp :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

Fractional b => Fractional (Fold a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

(/) :: Fold a b -> Fold a b -> Fold a b #

recip :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

fromRational :: Rational -> Fold a b #

Num b => Num (Fold a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

(+) :: Fold a b -> Fold a b -> Fold a b #

(-) :: Fold a b -> Fold a b -> Fold a b #

(*) :: Fold a b -> Fold a b -> Fold a b #

negate :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

abs :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

signum :: Fold a b -> Fold a b #

fromInteger :: Integer -> Fold a b #

Semigroup b => Semigroup (Fold a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

(<>) :: Fold a b -> Fold a b -> Fold a b #

sconcat :: NonEmpty (Fold a b) -> Fold a b #

stimes :: Integral b0 => b0 -> Fold a b -> Fold a b #

Monoid b => Monoid (Fold a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

mempty :: Fold a b #

mappend :: Fold a b -> Fold a b -> Fold a b #

mconcat :: [Fold a b] -> Fold a b #

data FoldM (m :: Type -> Type) a b where #

Like Fold, but monadic.

A 'FoldM m a b' processes elements of type a and results in a monadic value of type m b.

Constructors

FoldM :: forall (m :: Type -> Type) a b x. (x -> a -> m x) -> m x -> (x -> m b) -> FoldM m a b

FoldM step initial extract

Instances
Functor m => Profunctor (FoldM m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> FoldM m b c -> FoldM m a d #

lmap :: (a -> b) -> FoldM m b c -> FoldM m a c #

rmap :: (b -> c) -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a c #

(#.) :: Coercible c b => q b c -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a c #

(.#) :: Coercible b a => FoldM m b c -> q a b -> FoldM m a c #

Functor m => Functor (FoldM m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

fmap :: (a0 -> b) -> FoldM m a a0 -> FoldM m a b #

(<$) :: a0 -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a a0 #

Applicative m => Applicative (FoldM m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

pure :: a0 -> FoldM m a a0 #

(<*>) :: FoldM m a (a0 -> b) -> FoldM m a a0 -> FoldM m a b #

liftA2 :: (a0 -> b -> c) -> FoldM m a a0 -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a c #

(*>) :: FoldM m a a0 -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

(<*) :: FoldM m a a0 -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a a0 #

(Monad m, Floating b) => Floating (FoldM m a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

pi :: FoldM m a b #

exp :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

log :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

sqrt :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

(**) :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

logBase :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

sin :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

cos :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

tan :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

asin :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

acos :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

atan :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

sinh :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

cosh :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

tanh :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

asinh :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

acosh :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

atanh :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

log1p :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

expm1 :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

log1pexp :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

log1mexp :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

(Monad m, Fractional b) => Fractional (FoldM m a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

(/) :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

recip :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

fromRational :: Rational -> FoldM m a b #

(Monad m, Num b) => Num (FoldM m a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

(+) :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

(-) :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

(*) :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

negate :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

abs :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

signum :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

fromInteger :: Integer -> FoldM m a b #

(Semigroup b, Monad m) => Semigroup (FoldM m a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

(<>) :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

sconcat :: NonEmpty (FoldM m a b) -> FoldM m a b #

stimes :: Integral b0 => b0 -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

(Monoid b, Monad m) => Monoid (FoldM m a b) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Foldl

Methods

mempty :: FoldM m a b #

mappend :: FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b -> FoldM m a b #

mconcat :: [FoldM m a b] -> FoldM m a b #

data Text #

A space efficient, packed, unboxed Unicode text type.

Instances
Hashable Text 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Hashable.Class

Methods

hashWithSalt :: Int -> Text -> Int #

hash :: Text -> Int #

type Item Text 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Text

type Item Text = Char

data UTCTime #

This is the simplest representation of UTC. It consists of the day number, and a time offset from midnight. Note that if a day has a leap second added to it, it will have 86401 seconds.

Instances
Eq UTCTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.UTCTime

Methods

(==) :: UTCTime -> UTCTime -> Bool #

(/=) :: UTCTime -> UTCTime -> Bool #

Data UTCTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.UTCTime

Methods

gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> UTCTime -> c UTCTime #

gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c UTCTime #

toConstr :: UTCTime -> Constr #

dataTypeOf :: UTCTime -> DataType #

dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c UTCTime) #

dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c UTCTime) #

gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> UTCTime -> UTCTime #

gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> UTCTime -> r #

gmapQr :: (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> UTCTime -> r #

gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> UTCTime -> [u] #

gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> UTCTime -> u #

gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> UTCTime -> m UTCTime #

gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> UTCTime -> m UTCTime #

gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> UTCTime -> m UTCTime #

Ord UTCTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.UTCTime

NFData UTCTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.UTCTime

Methods

rnf :: UTCTime -> () #

ParseTime UTCTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Format.Parse

data NominalDiffTime #

This is a length of time, as measured by UTC. Conversion functions will treat it as seconds. It has a precision of 10^-12 s. It ignores leap-seconds, so it's not necessarily a fixed amount of clock time. For instance, 23:00 UTC + 2 hours of NominalDiffTime = 01:00 UTC (+ 1 day), regardless of whether a leap-second intervened.

Instances
Enum NominalDiffTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.NominalDiffTime

Eq NominalDiffTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.NominalDiffTime

Fractional NominalDiffTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.NominalDiffTime

Data NominalDiffTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.NominalDiffTime

Methods

gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> NominalDiffTime -> c NominalDiffTime #

gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c NominalDiffTime #

toConstr :: NominalDiffTime -> Constr #

dataTypeOf :: NominalDiffTime -> DataType #

dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c NominalDiffTime) #

dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c NominalDiffTime) #

gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> NominalDiffTime -> NominalDiffTime #

gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> NominalDiffTime -> r #

gmapQr :: (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> NominalDiffTime -> r #

gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> NominalDiffTime -> [u] #

gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> NominalDiffTime -> u #

gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> NominalDiffTime -> m NominalDiffTime #

gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> NominalDiffTime -> m NominalDiffTime #

gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> NominalDiffTime -> m NominalDiffTime #

Num NominalDiffTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.NominalDiffTime

Ord NominalDiffTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.NominalDiffTime

Real NominalDiffTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.NominalDiffTime

RealFrac NominalDiffTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.NominalDiffTime

Show NominalDiffTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.NominalDiffTime

NFData NominalDiffTime 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Time.Clock.Internal.NominalDiffTime

Methods

rnf :: NominalDiffTime -> () #

data Handle #

Haskell defines operations to read and write characters from and to files, represented by values of type Handle. Each value of this type is a handle: a record used by the Haskell run-time system to manage I/O with file system objects. A handle has at least the following properties:

  • whether it manages input or output or both;
  • whether it is open, closed or semi-closed;
  • whether the object is seekable;
  • whether buffering is disabled, or enabled on a line or block basis;
  • a buffer (whose length may be zero).

Most handles will also have a current I/O position indicating where the next input or output operation will occur. A handle is readable if it manages only input or both input and output; likewise, it is writable if it manages only output or both input and output. A handle is open when first allocated. Once it is closed it can no longer be used for either input or output, though an implementation cannot re-use its storage while references remain to it. Handles are in the Show and Eq classes. The string produced by showing a handle is system dependent; it should include enough information to identify the handle for debugging. A handle is equal according to == only to itself; no attempt is made to compare the internal state of different handles for equality.

Instances
Eq Handle

Since: base-4.1.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Types

Methods

(==) :: Handle -> Handle -> Bool #

(/=) :: Handle -> Handle -> Bool #

Show Handle

Since: base-4.1.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Types

data ExitCode #

Defines the exit codes that a program can return.

Constructors

ExitSuccess

indicates successful termination;

ExitFailure Int

indicates program failure with an exit code. The exact interpretation of the code is operating-system dependent. In particular, some values may be prohibited (e.g. 0 on a POSIX-compliant system).

Instances
Eq ExitCode 
Instance details

Defined in GHC.IO.Exception

Ord ExitCode 
Instance details

Defined in GHC.IO.Exception

Read ExitCode 
Instance details

Defined in GHC.IO.Exception

Show ExitCode 
Instance details

Defined in GHC.IO.Exception

Generic ExitCode 
Instance details

Defined in GHC.IO.Exception

Associated Types

type Rep ExitCode :: Type -> Type #

Methods

from :: ExitCode -> Rep ExitCode x #

to :: Rep ExitCode x -> ExitCode #

Exception ExitCode

Since: base-4.1.0.0

Instance details

Defined in GHC.IO.Exception

type Rep ExitCode 
Instance details

Defined in GHC.IO.Exception

type Rep ExitCode = D1 (MetaData "ExitCode" "GHC.IO.Exception" "base" False) (C1 (MetaCons "ExitSuccess" PrefixI False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 (MetaCons "ExitFailure" PrefixI False) (S1 (MetaSel (Nothing :: Maybe Symbol) NoSourceUnpackedness NoSourceStrictness DecidedLazy) (Rec0 Int)))

class IsString a where #

Class for string-like datastructures; used by the overloaded string extension (-XOverloadedStrings in GHC).

Methods

fromString :: String -> a #

Instances
IsString Doc 
Instance details

Defined in Text.PrettyPrint.ANSI.Leijen.Internal

Methods

fromString :: String -> Doc #

IsString ByteString 
Instance details

Defined in Data.ByteString.Internal

IsString Doc 
Instance details

Defined in Text.PrettyPrint.HughesPJ

Methods

fromString :: String -> Doc #

IsString CmdSpec

construct a ShellCommand from a string literal

Since: process-1.2.1.0

Instance details

Defined in System.Process.Common

Methods

fromString :: String -> CmdSpec #

IsString Line Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Line

Methods

fromString :: String -> Line #

IsString HelpMessage Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Options

IsString Description Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Options

IsString CommandName Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Options

IsString ArgName Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Options

Methods

fromString :: String -> ArgName #

a ~ Char => IsString [a]

(a ~ Char) context was introduced in 4.9.0.0

Since: base-2.1

Instance details

Defined in Data.String

Methods

fromString :: String -> [a] #

IsString a => IsString (Identity a)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.String

Methods

fromString :: String -> Identity a #

a ~ Char => IsString (Seq a)

Since: containers-0.5.7

Instance details

Defined in Data.Sequence.Internal

Methods

fromString :: String -> Seq a #

(IsString a, Hashable a) => IsString (Hashed a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Hashable.Class

Methods

fromString :: String -> Hashed a #

IsString a => IsString (Optional a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Optional

Methods

fromString :: String -> Optional a #

IsString (Doc a) 
Instance details

Defined in Text.PrettyPrint.Annotated.HughesPJ

Methods

fromString :: String -> Doc a #

a ~ Text => IsString (Pattern a) Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Pattern

Methods

fromString :: String -> Pattern a #

IsString a => IsString (Shell a) Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Shell

Methods

fromString :: String -> Shell a #

a ~ b => IsString (Format a b) Source # 
Instance details

Defined in Turtle.Format

Methods

fromString :: String -> Format a b #

IsString a => IsString (Const a b)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Instance details

Defined in Data.String

Methods

fromString :: String -> Const a b #

IsString a => IsString (Tagged s a) 
Instance details

Defined in Data.Tagged

Methods

fromString :: String -> Tagged s a #

(&) :: a -> (a -> b) -> b infixl 1 #

& is a reverse application operator. This provides notational convenience. Its precedence is one higher than that of the forward application operator $, which allows & to be nested in $.

>>> 5 & (+1) & show
"6"

Since: base-4.8.0.0

(<&>) :: Functor f => f a -> (a -> b) -> f b infixl 1 Source #

Flipped version of <$>.

(<&>) = flip fmap

Examples

Expand

Apply (+1) to a list, a Just and a Right:

>>> Just 2 <&> (+1)
Just 3
>>> [1,2,3] <&> (+1)
[2,3,4]
>>> Right 3 <&> (+1)
Right 4

Since: 4.11.0.0