Portability	non-portable (requires concurrency)
Stability	provisional
Maintainer	Simon Marlow <marlowsd@gmail.com>
Safe Haskell	Safe-Infered

Control.Concurrent.Async

Contents

Asynchronous actions
Convenient utilities

Description

This module provides a set of operations for running IO operations asynchronously and waiting for their results. It is a thin layer over the basic concurrency operations provided by Control.Concurrent. The main additional functionality it provides is the ability to wait for the return value of a thread, but the interface also provides some additional safety and robustness over using threads and MVar directly.

The basic type is Async a, which represents an asynchronous IO action that will return a value of type a, or die with an exception. An Async corresponds to a thread, and its ThreadId can be obtained with asyncThreadId, although that should rarely be necessary.

For example, to fetch two web pages at the same time, we could do this (assuming a suitable getURL function):

    do a1 <- async (getURL url1)
       a2 <- async (getURL url2)
       page1 <- wait a1
       page2 <- wait a2
       ...

where async starts the operation in a separate thread, and wait waits for and returns the result. If the operation throws an exception, then that exception is re-thrown by wait. This is one of the ways in which this library provides some additional safety: it is harder to accidentally forget about exceptions thrown in child threads.

A slight improvement over the previous example is this:

       withAsync (getURL url1) $ \a1 -> do
       withAsync (getURL url2) $ \a2 -> do
       page1 <- wait a1
       page2 <- wait a2
       ...

withAsync is like async, except that the Async is automatically killed (using cancel) if the enclosing IO operation returns before it has completed. Consider the case when the first wait throws an exception; then the second Async will be automatically killed rather than being left to run in the background, possibly indefinitely. This is the second way that the library provides additional safety: using withAsync means we can avoid accidentally leaving threads running. Furthermore, withAsync allows a tree of threads to be built, such that children are automatically killed if their parents die for any reason.

The pattern of performing two IO actions concurrently and waiting for their results is packaged up in a combinator concurrently, so we can further shorten the above example to:

       (page1, page2) <- concurrently (getURL url1) (getURL url2)
       ...

Synopsis

Asynchronous actions

data Async a Source

An asynchronous action spawned by async or withAsync. Asynchronous actions are executed in a separate thread, and operations are provided for waiting for asynchronous actions to complete and obtaining their results (see e.g. wait).

Instances

Eq (Async a)
Ord (Async a)

async :: IO a -> IO (Async a)Source

Spawn an asynchronous action in a separate thread.

withAsync :: IO a -> (Async a -> IO b) -> IO bSource

Spawn an asynchronous action in a separate thread, and pass its Async handle to the supplied function. When the function returns or throws an exception, cancel is called on the Async.

 withAsync action inner = bracket (async action) cancel inner

This is a useful variant of async that ensures an Async is never left running unintentionally.

Since cancel may block, withAsync may also block; see cancel for details.

asyncThreadId :: Async a -> ThreadId Source

Returns the ThreadId of the thread running the given Async.

wait :: Async a -> IO aSource

Wait for an asynchronous action to complete, and return its value. If the asynchronous action threw an exception, then the exception is re-thrown by wait.

 wait = atomically . waitSTM

poll :: Async a -> IO (Maybe (Either SomeException a))Source

Check whether an Async has completed yet. If it has not completed yet, then the result is Nothing, otherwise the result is Just e where e is Left x if the Async raised an exception x, or Right a if it returned a value a.

 poll = atomically . pollSTM

waitCatch :: Async a -> IO (Either SomeException a)Source

Wait for an asynchronous action to complete, and return either Left e if the action raised an exception e, or Right a if it returned a value a.

 waitCatch = atomically . waitCatchSTM

cancel :: Async a -> IO ()Source

Cancel an asynchronous action by throwing the ThreadKilled exception to it. Has no effect if the Async has already completed.

 cancel a = throwTo (asyncThreadId a) ThreadKilled

Note that cancel is synchronous in the same sense as throwTo. It does not return until the exception has been thrown in the target thread, or the target thread has completed. In particular, if the target thread is making a foreign call, the exception will not be thrown until the foreign call returns, and in this case cancel may block indefinitely. An asynchronous cancel can of course be obtained by wrapping cancel itself in async.

cancelWith :: Exception e => Async a -> e -> IO ()Source

Cancel an asynchronous action by throwing the supplied exception to it.

 cancelWith a x = throwTo (asyncThreadId a) x

The notes about the synchronous nature of cancel also apply to cancelWith.

STM operations

waitSTM :: Async a -> STM aSource

A version of wait that can be used inside an STM transaction.

pollSTM :: Async a -> STM (Maybe (Either SomeException a))Source

A version of poll that can be used inside an STM transaction.

waitCatchSTM :: Async a -> STM (Either SomeException a)Source

A version of waitCatch that can be used inside an STM transaction.

Waiting for multiple `Async`s

waitAny :: [Async a] -> IO (Async a, a)Source

Wait for any of the supplied Asyncs to complete. If the first to complete throws an exception, then that exception is re-thrown by waitAny.

If multiple Asyncs complete or have completed, then the value returned corresponds to the first completed Async in the list.

waitAnyCatch :: [Async a] -> IO (Async a, Either SomeException a)Source

Wait for any of the supplied asynchronous operations to complete. The value returned is a pair of the Async that completed, and the result that would be returned by wait on that Async.

If multiple Asyncs complete or have completed, then the value returned corresponds to the first completed Async in the list.

waitAnyCancel :: [Async a] -> IO (Async a, a)Source

Like waitAny, but also cancels the other asynchronous operations as soon as one has completed.

waitAnyCatchCancel :: [Async a] -> IO (Async a, Either SomeException a)Source

Like waitAnyCatch, but also cancels the other asynchronous operations as soon as one has completed.

waitEither :: Async a -> Async b -> IO (Either a b)Source

Wait for the first of two Asyncs to finish. If the Async that finished first raised an exception, then the exception is re-thrown by waitEither.

waitEitherCatch :: Async a -> Async b -> IO (Either (Either SomeException a) (Either SomeException b))Source

Wait for the first of two Asyncs to finish.

waitEitherCancel :: Async a -> Async b -> IO (Either a b)Source

Like waitEither, but also cancels both Asyncs before returning.

waitEitherCatchCancel :: Async a -> Async b -> IO (Either (Either SomeException a) (Either SomeException b))Source

Like waitEitherCatch, but also cancels both Asyncs before returning.

waitEither_ :: Async a -> Async b -> IO ()Source

Like waitEither, but the result is ignored.

waitBoth :: Async a -> Async b -> IO (a, b)Source

Waits for both Asyncs to finish, but if either of them throws an exception before they have both finished, then the exception is re-thrown by waitBoth.

Linking

link :: Async a -> IO ()Source

Link the given Async to the current thread, such that if the Async raises an exception, that exception will be re-thrown in the current thread.

link2 :: Async a -> Async b -> IO ()Source

Link two Asyncs together, such that if either raises an exception, the same exception is re-thrown in the other Async.

Convenient utilities

race :: IO a -> IO b -> IO (Either a b)Source

Run two IO actions concurrently, and return the first to finish. The loser of the race is cancelled.

 race left right =
   withAsync left $ \a ->
   withAsync right $ \b ->
   waitEither a b

race_ :: IO a -> IO b -> IO ()Source

Like race, but the result is ignored.

concurrently :: IO a -> IO b -> IO (a, b)Source

Run two IO actions concurrently, and return both results. If either action throws an exception at any time, then the other action is cancelled, and the exception is re-thrown by concurrently.

 concurrently left right =
   withAsync left $ \a ->
   withAsync right $ \b ->
   waitBoth a b

Asynchronous actions

STM operations

Waiting for multiple Asyncs

Linking

Convenient utilities

Waiting for multiple `Async`s