{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-} {-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-} {-# LANGUAGE DerivingVia #-} {-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-} {-# LANGUAGE GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving #-} {-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-} {-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-} {-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-} {-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-} {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-} {-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK prune #-} -- | -- Copyright: © 2018-2020 IOHK -- License: Apache-2.0 -- -- Provides functionality for __adjusting__ coin selections in order to pay for -- transaction __fees__. -- module Cardano.CoinSelection.Fee ( -- * Fundamental Types Fee (..) , FeeEstimator (..) -- * Fee Adjustment , adjustForFee , FeeOptions (..) , FeeBalancingPolicy (..) , FeeAdjustmentError (..) -- * Dust Processing , DustThreshold (..) , isDust , coalesceDust -- # Internal Functions , calculateFee , distributeFee , reduceChangeOutputs , splitCoin ) where import Prelude hiding ( round ) import Cardano.CoinSelection ( CoinMap (..) , CoinMapEntry (..) , CoinSelection (..) , coinMapFromList , coinMapRandomEntry , sumChange , sumInputs , sumOutputs ) import Control.Monad.Trans.Class ( lift ) import Control.Monad.Trans.Except ( ExceptT (..), except, throwE ) import Control.Monad.Trans.State ( StateT (..), evalStateT ) import Crypto.Random.Types ( MonadRandom ) import Data.Function ( (&) ) import Data.List.NonEmpty ( NonEmpty ((:|)) ) import Data.Maybe ( fromMaybe ) import Data.Ord ( Down (..), comparing ) import Data.Ratio ( (%) ) import GHC.Generics ( Generic ) import Internal.Coin ( Coin ) import Internal.Invariant ( invariant ) import Internal.Rounding ( RoundingDirection (..), round ) import Quiet ( Quiet (Quiet) ) import qualified Data.Foldable as F import qualified Data.List.NonEmpty as NE import qualified Internal.Coin as C -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Fundamental Types -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- | Represents a non-negative fee to be paid on a transaction. -- -- @since 1.0.0 newtype Fee = Fee { unFee :: Coin } deriving newtype (Monoid, Semigroup) deriving stock (Eq, Generic, Ord) deriving Show via (Quiet Fee) -- | Defines the /maximum/ size of a __dust coin__. -- -- Functions that accept a 'DustThreshold' argument will generally exclude -- values that are /less than or equal to/ this threshold from the 'change' -- sets of generated selections, /coalescing/ such coins together into larger -- coins that /exceed/ the threshold. -- -- Specifying a dust threshold of __/n/__ causes all coins that are less than -- or equal to __/n/__ to be treated as dust and coalesced together. -- -- Specifying a dust threshold of __0__ completely /disables/ dust elimination -- with the exception of zero-valued coins, which will always be eliminated. -- -- See 'coalesceDust'. -- -- @since 1.0.0 newtype DustThreshold = DustThreshold { unDustThreshold :: Coin } deriving stock (Eq, Generic, Ord) deriving Show via (Quiet DustThreshold) -- | Returns 'True' if and only if the given 'Coin' is a __dust coin__ -- according to the given 'DustThreshold'. -- -- A coin is considered to be a dust coin if it is /less than or equal to/ -- the threshold. -- -- See 'DustThreshold'. -- isDust :: DustThreshold -> Coin -> Bool isDust (DustThreshold dt) c = c <= dt -- | Provides a function capable of __estimating__ the transaction fee required -- for a given coin selection, according to the rules of a particular -- blockchain. -- -- The fee estimate should be a function of the __current__ memberships of the -- 'inputs', 'outputs', and 'change' sets. -- -- Depending on the rules of the blockchain under consideration, the fee -- estimate may take either (or both) of the following factors into account: -- -- - the number of entries in each set; -- - the coin value of each set member. -- -- A fee estimate may differ from the final fee required for a selection, as -- fees are generally paid for by /adjusting/ a given selection to make a /new/ -- selection. See 'adjustForFee' for more details of this process. -- -- @since 1.0.0 newtype FeeEstimator i o = FeeEstimator { estimateFee :: CoinSelection i o -> Fee } deriving Generic -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Fee Adjustment -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- | Provides options for fee adjustment. -- -- @since 1.0.0 data FeeOptions i o = FeeOptions { feeEstimator :: FeeEstimator i o -- ^ Estimate fees based on selected inputs and requested outputs. , dustThreshold :: DustThreshold -- ^ The threshold to use for dust elimination. Specifying a threshold -- of zero will disable dust elimination. See 'DustThreshold' for more -- details. , feeBalancingPolicy :: FeeBalancingPolicy -- ^ Which fee balancing policy to use. } deriving Generic -- | A choice of fee balancing policies for use when adjusting a coin selection. -- -- == Background -- -- A coin selection __'s'__ is said to have a /perfectly-balanced/ fee when it -- satisfies the following property: -- -- >>> sumInputs s = sumOutputs s + sumChange s + estimateFee s -- -- Conversely, a selection is said to have an /unbalanced/ fee when it -- satisfies the following property: -- -- >>> sumInputs s > sumOutputs s + sumChange s + estimateFee s -- -- In other words, if a coin selection has an /unbalanced/ fee, the /effective/ -- fee is greater than the minimum fee /actually required/ by the blockchain. -- -- == Balanced Fees vs Minimal Fees -- -- Some blockchains /require /that fees are always /perfectly-balanced/. -- -- However, for blockchains that allow /unbalanced/ fees, it is sometimes -- possible to /save money/ by generating a coin selection with an unbalanced -- fee. This may seem counterintuitive at first, but consider an individual -- change ouput __/c/__ of value __/v/__. If the /marginal fee/ __/f/__ -- associated with __/c/__ is greater than its value __/v/__, then we will -- /save money/ by __not__ including __/c/__ within 'change'. -- -- There are two policy choices available for handling change values with -- marginal fees greater than their value: -- -- - For blockchains that __allow__ transactions with /unbalanced/ fees, -- specifying the 'RequireMinimalFee' policy will allow money to be saved by -- /excluding/ change outputs that have a marginal fee greater than -- their value. -- -- - For blockchains that do __not__ allow transactions with /unbalanced/ -- fees, specifying the 'RequireBalancedFee' policy will always generate -- selections with fees that are perfectly-balanced, even if the resulting -- fees are higher than could be achieved by allowing unbalanced fees. -- data FeeBalancingPolicy = RequireBalancedFee -- ^ Generate selections with fees that are perfectly balanced, with the -- trade-off of allowing slightly higher fees. | RequireMinimalFee -- ^ Generate selections with the lowest fees possible, with the -- trade-off of allowing slightly imbalanced fees. deriving (Generic, Show, Eq) -- | Represents the set of possible failures that can occur when adjusting a -- 'CoinSelection' with the 'adjustForFee' function. -- data FeeAdjustmentError i o = CannotCoverFee Fee -- ^ Indicates that the given map of additional inputs was exhausted while -- attempting to select extra inputs to cover the required fee. -- -- Records the shortfall (__/f/__ − __/s/__) between the required fee -- __/f/__ and the total value __/s/__ of currently-selected inputs. | CoinSelectionUnderfunded (CoinSelection i o) -- ^ Indicates that the given coin selection is __underfunded__: the total -- value of 'inputs' is less than the total value of 'outputs', as -- calculated by the 'CoinSelection.coinMapValue' function. deriving (Show, Eq) -- | Adjusts the given 'CoinSelection' in order to pay for a __transaction__ -- __fee__, required in order to publish the selection as a transaction on -- a blockchain. -- -- == Background -- -- Implementations of 'Cardano.CoinSelection.CoinSelectionAlgorithm' generally -- produce coin selections that are /exactly balanced/, satisfying the -- following equality: -- -- >>> sumInputs s = sumOutputs s + sumChange s -- -- In order to pay for a transaction fee, the above equality must be -- transformed into an /inequality/: -- -- >>> sumInputs s > sumOutputs s + sumChange s -- -- The difference between these two sides represents value to be paid /by the/ -- /originator/ of the transaction, in the form of a fee: -- -- >>> sumInputs s = sumOutputs s + sumChange s + fee -- -- == The Adjustment Process -- -- In order to generate a fee that is acceptable to the network, this function -- adjusts the 'change' and 'inputs' of the given 'CoinSelection', consulting -- the 'FeeEstimator' as a guide for how much the current selection would cost -- to publish as a transaction on the network. -- -- == Methods of Adjustment -- -- There are two methods of adjustment possible: -- -- 1. The __'change'__ set can be /reduced/, either by: -- -- a. completely removing a change value from the set; or by -- -- b. reducing a change value to a lower value. -- -- 2. The __'inputs'__ set can be /augmented/, by selecting additional inputs -- from the specified 'CoinMap' argument. -- -- == Dealing with Dust Values -- -- If, at any point, a change value is generated that is less than or equal -- to the 'DustThreshold', this function will eliminate that change value -- from the 'change' set, redistributing the eliminated value over the remaining -- change values, ensuring that the total value of all 'change' is preserved. -- -- See 'coalesceDust' for more details. -- -- == Termination -- -- Since adjusting a selection can affect the fee estimate produced by -- 'estimateFee', the process of adjustment is an /iterative/ process. -- -- The termination post-condition depends on the choice of -- 'FeeBalancingPolicy': -- -- - If 'RequireBalancedFee' is specified, this function terminates -- only when it has generated a 'CoinSelection' __'s'__ that satisfies the -- following property: -- -- >>> sumInputs s = sumOutputs s + sumChange s + estimateFee s -- -- - If 'RequireMinimalFee' policy is specified, the above /equality/ -- is relaxed to the following /inequality/: -- -- >>> sumInputs s ≥ sumOutputs s + sumChange s + estimateFee s -- -- See 'FeeBalancingPolicy' for more details. -- -- @since 1.0.0 adjustForFee :: (Ord i, MonadRandom m) => FeeOptions i o -> CoinMap i -> CoinSelection i o -> ExceptT (FeeAdjustmentError i o) m (CoinSelection i o) adjustForFee unsafeOpt utxo coinSel = do let opt = invariant "adjustForFee: fee must be non-null" unsafeOpt (not . nullFee) senderPaysFee opt utxo coinSel where nullFee opt = estimateFee (feeEstimator opt) coinSel == Fee C.zero -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Internal Functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Calculates the current fee associated with a given 'CoinSelection'. -- -- If the result is less than zero, returns 'Nothing'. -- calculateFee :: CoinSelection i o -> Maybe Fee calculateFee s = Fee <$> sumInputs s `C.sub` (sumOutputs s `C.add` sumChange s) -- The sender pays fee in this scenario, so fees are removed from the change -- outputs, and new inputs are selected if necessary. -- senderPaysFee :: forall i o m . (Ord i, MonadRandom m) => FeeOptions i o -> CoinMap i -> CoinSelection i o -> ExceptT (FeeAdjustmentError i o) m (CoinSelection i o) senderPaysFee opts utxo sel = evalStateT (go sel) utxo where go :: CoinSelection i o -> StateT (CoinMap i) (ExceptT (FeeAdjustmentError i o) m) (CoinSelection i o) go coinSel@(CoinSelection inps outs chgs) = do -- Substract fee from change outputs, proportionally to their value. (coinSel', remFee) <- lift $ except $ reduceChangeOutputs opts coinSel -- Should the change cover the fee, we're (almost) good. By removing -- change outputs, we make them smaller and may reduce the size of the -- transaction, and the fee. Thus, we end up paying slightly more than -- the upper bound. We could do some binary search and try to -- re-distribute excess across changes until fee becomes bigger. if remFee == Fee C.zero then pure coinSel' else do -- Otherwise, we need an extra entries from the available utxo to -- cover what's left. Note that this entry may increase our change -- because we may not consume it entirely. So we will just split -- the extra change across all changes possibly increasing the -- number of change outputs (if there was none, or if increasing a -- change value causes an overflow). -- -- Because selecting a new input increases the fee, we need to -- re-run the algorithm with this new elements and using the initial -- change plus the extra change brought up by this entry and see if -- we can now correctly cover fee. inps' <- coverRemainingFee remFee let extraChange = splitCoin (sumEntries inps') chgs go $ CoinSelection (inps <> coinMapFromList inps') outs extraChange -- A short and simple version of the 'random' fee policy to cover for the fee -- in the case where existing set of change is not enough. -- coverRemainingFee :: MonadRandom m => Fee -> StateT (CoinMap i) (ExceptT (FeeAdjustmentError i o) m) [CoinMapEntry i] coverRemainingFee (Fee fee) = go [] where go acc | sumEntries acc >= fee = return acc | otherwise = do -- We ignore the size of the fee, and just pick randomly StateT (lift . coinMapRandomEntry) >>= \case Just entry -> go (entry : acc) Nothing -> lift $ throwE $ CannotCoverFee $ Fee $ fee `C.distance` (sumEntries acc) -- Pays for the given fee by subtracting it from the given list of change -- outputs, so that each change output is reduced by a portion of the fee -- that's in proportion to its relative size. -- -- == Basic Examples -- -- >>> reduceChangeOutputs (DustThreshold 0) (Fee 4) (Coin <$> [2, 2, 2, 2]) -- [Coin 1, Coin 1, Coin 1, Coin 1] -- -- >>> reduceChangeOutputs (DustThreshold 0) (Fee 15) (Coin <$> [2, 4, 8, 16]) -- [Coin 1, Coin 2, Coin 4, Coin 8] -- -- == Handling Dust -- -- Any dust outputs in the resulting list are coalesced according to the given -- dust threshold: (See 'coalesceDust'.) -- -- >>> reduceChangeOutputs (DustThreshold 1) (Fee 4) (Coin <$> [2, 2, 2, 2]) -- [Coin 4] -- -- == Handling Insufficient Change -- -- If there's not enough change to pay for the fee, or if there's only just -- enough to pay for it exactly, this function returns the /empty list/: -- -- >>> reduceChangeOutputs (DustThreshold 0) (Fee 15) (Coin <$> [10]) -- [] -- -- >>> reduceChangeOutputs (DustThreshold 0) (Fee 15) (Coin <$> [1, 2, 4, 8]) -- [] -- reduceChangeOutputs :: FeeOptions i o -> CoinSelection i o -> Either (FeeAdjustmentError i o) (CoinSelection i o, Fee) reduceChangeOutputs opts s = do -- The original requested fee amount let Fee φ_original = estimateFee (feeEstimator opts) s -- The initial amount left for fee (i.e. inputs - outputs) let mδ_original = sumInputs s `C.sub` (sumOutputs s `C.add` sumChange s) case mδ_original of -- selection is now balanced, nothing to do. Just δ_original | φ_original == δ_original -> do pure (s, Fee C.zero) -- some fee left to pay, but we've depleted all change outputs Just δ_original | φ_original > δ_original && null (change s) -> do let remainder = φ_original `C.distance` δ_original pure (s, Fee remainder) -- some fee left to pay, and we've haven't depleted all change yet Just δ_original | φ_original > δ_original && not (null (change s)) -> do let remainder = φ_original `C.distance` δ_original let chgs' = distributeFee (Fee remainder) (NE.fromList (change s)) & fmap payFee & coalesceDust (dustThreshold opts) reduceChangeOutputs opts (s { change = chgs' }) -- The current selection has a higher fee than necessary. This typically -- occurs if, after reducing an output to pay for the predicted fee, the -- required fee turns out to be less than originally predicted. -- The outcome depends on whether or not the node allows transactions -- to be unbalanced. Just δ_original | δ_original > φ_original -> do let extraChg = δ_original `C.distance` φ_original let sDangling = s { change = splitCoin extraChg (change s) } let Fee φ_dangling = estimateFee (feeEstimator opts) sDangling -- We have `δ_dangling = φ_original` by construction of sDangling. -- -- Proof: -- -- δ_dangling = Σi_dangling - (Σo_dangling + Σc_dangling) -- = Σi_original - (Σo_original + Σc_original + extraChg) -- = Σi_original - (Σo_original + Σc_original) - extraChg -- = δ_original - extraChg -- = δ_original - (δ_original - φ_original) -- = φ_original let δ_dangling = φ_original case φ_dangling `C.sub` δ_dangling of -- we've left too much, but adding a change output would be more -- expensive than not having it. Here we have two choices: -- -- a) If the node allows unbalanced transaction, we can stop -- here and do nothing. We'll leave slightly more than what's -- needed for fees, but having an extra change output isn't -- worth it anyway. -- -- b) If we __must__ balance the transaction, then we can choose -- to pay the extra cost by adding the change output and -- continue trying to balance the transaction (likely, by -- selecting another input). Just remainder | φ_dangling >= δ_original -> case feeBalancingPolicy opts of RequireMinimalFee -> pure (s, Fee C.zero) RequireBalancedFee -> pure (sDangling, Fee remainder) -- If however, adding the dangling change doesn't cost more than -- not having it, we might as well add it to get the money and -- continue balancing! _otherwise -> reduceChangeOutputs opts sDangling -- The only way to end-up here is if the user has provided an invalid -- selection where outputs are trying to spend more than inputs. This is -- simply forbidden. _Nothing -> Left (CoinSelectionUnderfunded s) -- Distribute the given fee over the given list of coins, so that each coin -- is allocated a __fraction__ of the fee in proportion to its relative size. -- -- == Pre-condition -- -- Every coin in the given list must be __non-zero__ in value. -- -- == Examples -- -- >>> distributeFee (Fee 2) [(Coin 1), (Coin 1)] -- [(Fee 1, Coin 1), (Fee 1, Coin 1)] -- -- >>> distributeFee (Fee 4) [(Coin 1), (Coin 1)] -- [(Fee 2, Coin 1), (Fee 2, Coin 1)] -- -- >>> distributeFee (Fee 7) [(Coin 1), (Coin 2), (Coin 4)] -- [(Fee 1, Coin 1), (Fee 2, Coin 2), (Fee 4, Coin 4)] -- -- >>> distributeFee (Fee 14) [(Coin 1), (Coin 2), (Coin 4)] -- [(Fee 2, Coin 1), (Fee 4, Coin 2), (Fee 8, Coin 4)] -- distributeFee :: Fee -> NonEmpty Coin -> NonEmpty (Fee, Coin) distributeFee (Fee feeTotal) coinsUnsafe = NE.zip feesRounded coins where -- A list of coins that are non-zero in value. coins :: NonEmpty Coin coins = invariant "distributeFee: all coins must be non-zero in value." coinsUnsafe (C.zero `F.notElem`) -- A list of rounded fee portions, where each fee portion deviates from the -- ideal unrounded portion by as small an amount as possible. feesRounded :: NonEmpty Fee feesRounded -- 1. Start with the list of ideal unrounded fee portions for each coin: = feesUnrounded -- 2. Attach an index to each fee portion, so that we can remember the -- original order: & NE.zip indices -- 3. Sort the fees into descending order of their fractional parts: & NE.sortBy (comparing (Down . fractionalPart . snd)) -- 4. Apply pre-computed roundings to each fee portion: -- * portions with the greatest fractional parts are rounded up; -- * portions with the smallest fractional parts are rounded down. & NE.zipWith (\roundDir (i, f) -> (i, round roundDir f)) feeRoundings -- 5. Restore the original order: & NE.sortBy (comparing fst) -- 6. Strip away the indices: & fmap snd -- 7. Transform results into fees: & fmap (Fee . fromMaybe C.zero . C.coinFromIntegral @Integer) where indices :: NonEmpty Int indices = 0 :| [1 ..] -- A list of rounding directions, one per fee portion. -- -- Since the ideal fee portion for each coin is a rational value, we must -- therefore round each rational value either /up/ or /down/ to produce a -- final integer result. -- -- However, we can't take the simple approach of either rounding /all/ fee -- portions down or rounding /all/ fee portions up, as this could cause the -- sum of fee portions to either undershoot or overshoot the original fee. -- -- So in order to hit the fee exactly, we must round /some/ of the portions -- up, and /some/ of the portions down. -- -- Fortunately, we can calculate exactly how many fee portions must be -- rounded up, by first rounding /all/ portions down, and then computing -- the /shortfall/ between the sum of the rounded-down portions and the -- original fee. -- -- We return a list where all values of 'RoundUp' occur in a contiguous -- section at the start of the list, of the following form: -- -- [RoundUp, RoundUp, ..., RoundDown, RoundDown, ...] -- feeRoundings :: NonEmpty RoundingDirection feeRoundings = applyN feeShortfall (NE.cons RoundUp) (NE.repeat RoundDown) where -- The part of the total fee that we'd lose if we were to take the -- simple approach of rounding all ideal fee portions /down/. feeShortfall = C.coinToIntegral feeTotal - fromIntegral @Integer (F.sum $ round RoundDown <$> feesUnrounded) -- A list of ideal unrounded fee portions, with one fee portion per coin. -- -- A coin's ideal fee portion is the rational portion of the total fee that -- corresponds to that coin's relative size when compared to other coins. feesUnrounded :: NonEmpty Rational feesUnrounded = calculateIdealFee <$> coins where calculateIdealFee c = C.coinToIntegral c * C.coinToIntegral feeTotal % C.coinToIntegral totalCoinValue -- The total value of all coins. totalCoinValue :: Coin totalCoinValue = F.fold coins -- | From the given list of coins, remove dust coins with a value less than or -- equal to the given threshold value, redistributing their total value over -- the coins that remain. -- -- This function satisfies the following properties: -- -- >>> sum coins = sum (coalesceDust threshold coins) -- >>> all (/= Coin 0) (coalesceDust threshold coins) -- coalesceDust :: DustThreshold -> NonEmpty Coin -> [Coin] coalesceDust threshold coins = splitCoin valueToDistribute coinsToKeep where (coinsToRemove, coinsToKeep) = NE.partition (isDust threshold) coins valueToDistribute = F.fold coinsToRemove -- Splits up the given coin of value __@v@__, distributing its value over the -- given coin list of length __@n@__, so that each coin value is increased by -- an integral amount within unity of __@v/n@__, producing a new list of coin -- values where the overall total is preserved. -- -- == Basic Examples -- -- When it's possible to divide a coin evenly, each coin value is increased by -- the same integer amount: -- -- >>> splitCoin (Coin 40) (Coin <$> [1, 1, 1, 1]) -- [Coin 11, Coin 11, Coin 11, Coin 11] -- -- >>> splitCoin (Coin 40) (Coin <$> [1, 2, 3, 4]) -- [Coin 11, Coin 12, Coin 13, Coin 14] -- -- == Handling Non-Uniform Increases -- -- When it's not possible to divide a coin evenly, each integral coin value in -- the resulting list is always within unity of the ideal unrounded result: -- -- >>> splitCoin (Coin 2) (Coin <$> [1, 1, 1, 1]) -- [Coin 1, Coin 1, Coin 2, Coin 2] -- -- >>> splitCoin (Coin 10) (Coin <$> [1, 1, 1, 1]) -- [Coin 3, Coin 3, Coin 4, Coin 4] -- -- == Handling Empty Lists -- -- If the given list is empty, this function returns a list with the original -- given coin as its sole element: -- -- >>> splitCoin (Coin 10) [] -- [Coin 10] -- -- == Properties -- -- The total value is always preserved: -- -- >>> sum (splitCoin x ys) == x + sum ys -- splitCoin :: Coin -> [Coin] -> [Coin] splitCoin coinToSplit coinsToIncrease = case (mIncrement, mShortfall) of (Just increment, Just shortfall) -> zipWith C.add coinsToIncrease increments where increments = zipWith C.add majorIncrements minorIncrements majorIncrements = repeat increment minorIncrements = replicate (C.coinToIntegral shortfall) C.one <> repeat C.zero _ | coinToSplit > C.zero -> [coinToSplit] _ -> [] where mCoinCount = length coinsToIncrease mIncrement = coinToSplit `C.div` mCoinCount mShortfall = coinToSplit `C.mod` mCoinCount -- Extract the fractional part of a rational number. -- -- Examples: -- -- >>> fractionalPart (3 % 2) -- 1 % 2 -- -- >>> fractionalPart (11 % 10) -- 1 % 10 -- fractionalPart :: Rational -> Rational fractionalPart = snd . properFraction @_ @Integer -- Apply the same function multiple times to a value. -- applyN :: Int -> (a -> a) -> a -> a applyN n f = F.foldr (.) id (replicate n f) -- Find the sum of a list of entries. -- sumEntries :: [CoinMapEntry i] -> Coin sumEntries = F.fold . fmap entryValue -- | Reduce a coin value by a given fee amount. If fees are too big for -- a single coin, returns a `Coin 0`. payFee :: (Fee, Coin) -> Coin payFee (Fee f, c) = fromMaybe C.zero (c `C.sub` f)