CoreSyn

CoreSyn holds all the main data types for use by for the Glasgow Haskell Compiler midsection

Main data types

data Expr b

This is the data type that represents GHCs core intermediate language. Currently GHC uses System FC https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/system-f-with-type-equality-coercions/ for this purpose, which is closely related to the simpler and better known System F http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_F.

We get from Haskell source to this Core language in a number of stages:

1. The source code is parsed into an abstract syntax tree, which is represented by the data type HsExpr with the names being RdrNames
2. This syntax tree is renamed, which attaches a Unique to every RdrName (yielding a Name) to disambiguate identifiers which are lexically identical. For example, this program:

     f x = let f x = x + 1
           in f (x - 2)

Would be renamed by having Uniques attached so it looked something like this:

     f_1 x_2 = let f_3 x_4 = x_4 + 1
               in f_3 (x_2 - 2)

But see Note [Shadowing] below.

1. The resulting syntax tree undergoes type checking (which also deals with instantiating type class arguments) to yield a HsExpr type that has Id as it's names.
2. Finally the syntax tree is desugared from the expressive HsExpr type into this Expr type, which has far fewer constructors and hence is easier to perform optimization, analysis and code generation on.

The type parameter b is for the type of binders in the expression tree.

The language consists of the following elements:

• Variables See Note [Variable occurrences in Core]
• Primitive literals
• Applications: note that the argument may be a Expr. See Note [CoreSyn let/app invariant] See Note [Levity polymorphism invariants]
• Lambda abstraction See Note [Levity polymorphism invariants]
• Recursive and non recursive lets. Operationally this corresponds to allocating a thunk for the things bound and then executing the sub-expression.

See Note [CoreSyn letrec invariant] See Note [CoreSyn let/app invariant] See Note [Levity polymorphism invariants] See Note [CoreSyn type and coercion invariant]

• Case expression. Operationally this corresponds to evaluating the scrutinee (expression examined) to weak head normal form and then examining at most one level of resulting constructor (i.e. you cannot do nested pattern matching directly with this).

The binder gets bound to the value of the scrutinee, and the Expr must be that of all the case alternatives

IMPORTANT: see Note [Case expression invariants]

• Cast an expression to a particular type. This is used to implement newtypes (a newtype constructor or destructor just becomes a Cast in Core) and GADTs.
• Notes. These allow general information to be added to expressions in the syntax tree
• A type: this should only show up at the top level of an Arg
• A coercion

Constructors

Var Id

Lit Literal

App (Expr b) (Arg b) infixl 4

Lam b (Expr b)

Let (Bind b) (Expr b)

Case (Expr b) b Type [Alt b]

Cast (Expr b) Coercion

Tick (Tickish Id) (Expr b)

Type Type

Coercion Coercion

Instances

Data b => Data (Expr b)

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

gfoldl :: (forall d b0. Data d => c (d -> b0) -> d -> c b0) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Expr b -> c (Expr b)

gunfold :: (forall b0 r. Data b0 => c (b0 -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (Expr b)

toConstr :: Expr b -> Constr

dataTypeOf :: Expr b -> DataType

dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (Expr b))

dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (Expr b))

gmapT :: (forall b0. Data b0 => b0 -> b0) -> Expr b -> Expr b

gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Expr b -> r

gmapQr :: (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Expr b -> r

gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Expr b -> [u]

gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Expr b -> u

gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Expr b -> m (Expr b)

gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Expr b -> m (Expr b)

gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Expr b -> m (Expr b)

OutputableBndr b => Outputable (Expr b)

Defined in PprCore

Methods

ppr :: Expr b -> SDoc

pprPrec :: Rational -> Expr b -> SDoc

type Alt b = (AltCon, [b], Expr b)

A case split alternative. Consists of the constructor leading to the alternative, the variables bound from the constructor, and the expression to be executed given that binding. The default alternative is (DEFAULT, [], rhs)

data Bind b

Binding, used for top level bindings in a module and local bindings in a let.

Constructors

NonRec b (Expr b)

Rec [(b, Expr b)]

Instances

Data b => Data (Bind b)

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

gfoldl :: (forall d b0. Data d => c (d -> b0) -> d -> c b0) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Bind b -> c (Bind b)

gunfold :: (forall b0 r. Data b0 => c (b0 -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (Bind b)

toConstr :: Bind b -> Constr

dataTypeOf :: Bind b -> DataType

dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (Bind b))

dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (Bind b))

gmapT :: (forall b0. Data b0 => b0 -> b0) -> Bind b -> Bind b

gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Bind b -> r

gmapQr :: (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Bind b -> r

gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Bind b -> [u]

gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Bind b -> u

gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Bind b -> m (Bind b)

gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Bind b -> m (Bind b)

gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Bind b -> m (Bind b)

OutputableBndr b => Outputable (Bind b)

Defined in PprCore

Methods

ppr :: Bind b -> SDoc

pprPrec :: Rational -> Bind b -> SDoc

data AltCon

A case alternative constructor (i.e. pattern match)

Constructors

DataAlt DataCon

LitAlt Literal

A literal: case e of { 1 -> ... } Invariant: always an *unlifted* literal See Note [Literal alternatives]

DEFAULT

Trivial alternative: case e of { _ -> ... }

Instances

Eq AltCon

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

(==) :: AltCon -> AltCon -> Bool

(/=) :: AltCon -> AltCon -> Bool

Data AltCon

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> AltCon -> c AltCon

gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c AltCon

toConstr :: AltCon -> Constr

dataTypeOf :: AltCon -> DataType

dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c AltCon)

dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c AltCon)

gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> AltCon -> AltCon

gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> AltCon -> r

gmapQr :: (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> AltCon -> r

gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> AltCon -> [u]

gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> AltCon -> u

gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> AltCon -> m AltCon

gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> AltCon -> m AltCon

gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> AltCon -> m AltCon

Ord AltCon

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

compare :: AltCon -> AltCon -> Ordering

(<) :: AltCon -> AltCon -> Bool

(<=) :: AltCon -> AltCon -> Bool

(>) :: AltCon -> AltCon -> Bool

(>=) :: AltCon -> AltCon -> Bool

max :: AltCon -> AltCon -> AltCon

min :: AltCon -> AltCon -> AltCon

Outputable AltCon

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

ppr :: AltCon -> SDoc

pprPrec :: Rational -> AltCon -> SDoc

type Arg b = Expr b

Type synonym for expressions that occur in function argument positions. Only Arg should contain a Expr at top level, general Expr should not

data Tickish id

Allows attaching extra information to points in expressions

Constructors

ProfNote

An {--} profiling annotation, either automatically added by the desugarer as a result of -auto-all, or added by the user.

Fields

• profNoteCC :: CostCentre

  the cost centre

• profNoteCount :: !Bool

  bump the entry count?

• profNoteScope :: !Bool

  scopes over the enclosed expression (i.e. not just a tick)

HpcTick

A "tick" used by HPC to track the execution of each subexpression in the original source code.

Fields

• tickModule :: Module
• tickId :: !Int

Breakpoint

A breakpoint for the GHCi debugger. This behaves like an HPC tick, but has a list of free variables which will be available for inspection in GHCi when the program stops at the breakpoint.

NB. we must take account of these Ids when (a) counting free variables, and (b) substituting (don't substitute for them)

Fields

• breakpointId :: !Int
• breakpointFVs :: [id]

  the order of this list is important: it matches the order of the lists in the appropriate entry in HscTypes.ModBreaks.

  Careful about substitution! See Note [substTickish] in CoreSubst.

SourceNote

A source note.

Source notes are pure annotations: Their presence should neither influence compilation nor execution. The semantics are given by causality: The presence of a source note means that a local change in the referenced source code span will possibly provoke the generated code to change. On the flip-side, the functionality of annotated code *must* be invariant against changes to all source code *except* the spans referenced in the source notes (see "Causality of optimized Haskell" paper for details).

Therefore extending the scope of any given source note is always valid. Note that it is still undesirable though, as this reduces their usefulness for debugging and profiling. Therefore we will generally try only to make use of this property where it is necessary to enable optimizations.

Fields

• sourceSpan :: RealSrcSpan

  Source covered

• sourceName :: String

  Name for source location (uses same names as CCs)

Instances

Eq id => Eq (Tickish id)

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

(==) :: Tickish id -> Tickish id -> Bool

(/=) :: Tickish id -> Tickish id -> Bool

Data id => Data (Tickish id)

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Tickish id -> c (Tickish id)

gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (Tickish id)

toConstr :: Tickish id -> Constr

dataTypeOf :: Tickish id -> DataType

dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (Tickish id))

dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (Tickish id))

gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Tickish id -> Tickish id

gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Tickish id -> r

gmapQr :: (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Tickish id -> r

gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Tickish id -> [u]

gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Tickish id -> u

gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Tickish id -> m (Tickish id)

gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Tickish id -> m (Tickish id)

gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Tickish id -> m (Tickish id)

Ord id => Ord (Tickish id)

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

compare :: Tickish id -> Tickish id -> Ordering

(<) :: Tickish id -> Tickish id -> Bool

(<=) :: Tickish id -> Tickish id -> Bool

(>) :: Tickish id -> Tickish id -> Bool

(>=) :: Tickish id -> Tickish id -> Bool

max :: Tickish id -> Tickish id -> Tickish id

min :: Tickish id -> Tickish id -> Tickish id

Outputable id => Outputable (Tickish id)

Defined in PprCore

Methods

ppr :: Tickish id -> SDoc

pprPrec :: Rational -> Tickish id -> SDoc

data TickishScoping

Specifies the scoping behaviour of ticks. This governs the behaviour of ticks that care about the covered code and the cost associated with it. Important for ticks relating to profiling.

Constructors

NoScope

No scoping: The tick does not care about what code it covers. Transformations can freely move code inside as well as outside without any additional annotation obligations

SoftScope

Soft scoping: We want all code that is covered to stay covered. Note that this scope type does not forbid transformations from happening, as long as all results of the transformations are still covered by this tick or a copy of it. For example

let x = tick... (let y = foo in bar) in baz ===> let x = tick... bar; y = tick... foo in baz

Is a valid transformation as far as "bar" and "foo" is concerned, because both still are scoped over by the tick.

Note though that one might object to the "let" not being covered by the tick any more. However, we are generally lax with this - constant costs don't matter too much, and given that the "let" was effectively merged we can view it as having lost its identity anyway.

Also note that this scoping behaviour allows floating a tick "upwards" in pretty much any situation. For example:

case foo of x -> tick... bar ==> tick... case foo of x -> bar

While this is always legal, we want to make a best effort to only make us of this where it exposes transformation opportunities.

CostCentreScope

Cost centre scoping: We don't want any costs to move to other cost-centre stacks. This means we not only want no code or cost to get moved out of their cost centres, but we also object to code getting associated with new cost-centre ticks - or changing the order in which they get applied.

A rule of thumb is that we don't want any code to gain new annotations. However, there are notable exceptions, for example:

let f = y -> foo in tick... ... (f x) ... ==> tick... ... foo[x/y] ...

In-lining lambdas like this is always legal, because inlining a function does not change the cost-centre stack when the function is called.

Instances

Eq TickishScoping

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

(==) :: TickishScoping -> TickishScoping -> Bool

(/=) :: TickishScoping -> TickishScoping -> Bool

data TickishPlacement

Governs the kind of expression that the tick gets placed on when annotating for example using mkTick. If we find that we want to put a tickish on an expression ruled out here, we try to float it inwards until we find a suitable expression.

Constructors

PlaceRuntime

Place ticks exactly on run-time expressions. We can still move the tick through pure compile-time constructs such as other ticks, casts or type lambdas. This is the most restrictive placement rule for ticks, as all tickishs have in common that they want to track runtime processes. The only legal placement rule for counting ticks.

PlaceNonLam

As PlaceRuntime, but we float the tick through all lambdas. This makes sense where there is little difference between annotating the lambda and annotating the lambda's code.

PlaceCostCentre

In addition to floating through lambdas, cost-centre style tickishs can also be moved from constructors, non-function variables and literals. For example:

let x = scc... C (scc... y) (scc... 3) in ...

Neither the constructor application, the variable or the literal are likely to have any cost worth mentioning. And even if y names a thunk, the call would not care about the evaluation context. Therefore removing all annotations in the above example is safe.

Instances

Eq TickishPlacement

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

(==) :: TickishPlacement -> TickishPlacement -> Bool

(/=) :: TickishPlacement -> TickishPlacement -> Bool

type CoreProgram = [CoreBind]

type CoreExpr = Expr CoreBndr

Expressions where binders are CoreBndrs

type CoreAlt = Alt CoreBndr

Case alternatives where binders are CoreBndrs

type CoreBind = Bind CoreBndr

Binding groups where binders are CoreBndrs

type CoreArg = Arg CoreBndr

Argument expressions where binders are CoreBndrs

type CoreBndr = Var

The common case for the type of binders and variables when we are manipulating the Core language within GHC

type TaggedExpr t = Expr (TaggedBndr t)

type TaggedAlt t = Alt (TaggedBndr t)

type TaggedBind t = Bind (TaggedBndr t)

type TaggedArg t = Arg (TaggedBndr t)

data TaggedBndr t

Binders are tagged with a t

Constructors

TB CoreBndr t

Instances

Outputable b => OutputableBndr (TaggedBndr b)

Defined in PprCore

Methods

pprBndr :: BindingSite -> TaggedBndr b -> SDoc

pprPrefixOcc :: TaggedBndr b -> SDoc

pprInfixOcc :: TaggedBndr b -> SDoc

bndrIsJoin_maybe :: TaggedBndr b -> Maybe Int

Outputable b => Outputable (TaggedBndr b)

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

ppr :: TaggedBndr b -> SDoc

pprPrec :: Rational -> TaggedBndr b -> SDoc

deTagExpr :: TaggedExpr t -> CoreExpr

In/Out type synonyms

type InId = Id

type InBind = CoreBind

type InExpr = CoreExpr

type InAlt = CoreAlt

type InArg = CoreArg

type InType = Type

type InKind = Kind

type InBndr = CoreBndr

type InVar = Var

type InCoercion = Coercion

type InTyVar = TyVar

type InCoVar = CoVar

type OutId = Id

type OutBind = CoreBind

type OutExpr = CoreExpr

type OutAlt = CoreAlt

type OutArg = CoreArg

type OutType = Type

type OutKind = Kind

type OutBndr = CoreBndr

type OutVar = Var

type OutCoercion = Coercion

type OutTyVar = TyVar

type OutCoVar = CoVar

type MOutCoercion = MCoercion

Expr construction

mkLet :: Bind b -> Expr b -> Expr b

mkLets :: [Bind b] -> Expr b -> Expr b

Bind all supplied binding groups over an expression in a nested let expression. Assumes that the rhs satisfies the let/app invariant. Prefer to use mkCoreLets if possible, which does guarantee the invariant

mkLetNonRec :: b -> Expr b -> Expr b -> Expr b

mkLetNonRec bndr rhs body wraps body in a let binding bndr.

mkLetRec :: [(b, Expr b)] -> Expr b -> Expr b

mkLetRec binds body wraps body in a let rec with the given set of binds if binds is non-empty.

mkLams :: [b] -> Expr b -> Expr b

Bind all supplied binders over an expression in a nested lambda expression. Prefer to use mkCoreLams if possible

mkApps :: Expr b -> [Arg b] -> Expr b infixl 4

Apply a list of argument expressions to a function expression in a nested fashion. Prefer to use mkCoreApps if possible

mkTyApps :: Expr b -> [Type] -> Expr b infixl 4

Apply a list of type argument expressions to a function expression in a nested fashion

mkCoApps :: Expr b -> [Coercion] -> Expr b infixl 4

Apply a list of coercion argument expressions to a function expression in a nested fashion

mkVarApps :: Expr b -> [Var] -> Expr b infixl 4

Apply a list of type or value variables to a function expression in a nested fashion

mkTyArg :: Type -> Expr b

mkIntLit :: DynFlags -> Integer -> Expr b

Create a machine integer literal expression of type Int# from an Integer. If you want an expression of type Int use mkIntExpr

mkIntLitInt :: DynFlags -> Int -> Expr b

Create a machine integer literal expression of type Int# from an Int. If you want an expression of type Int use mkIntExpr

mkWordLit :: DynFlags -> Integer -> Expr b

Create a machine word literal expression of type Word# from an Integer. If you want an expression of type Word use mkWordExpr

mkWordLitWord :: DynFlags -> Word -> Expr b

Create a machine word literal expression of type Word# from a Word. If you want an expression of type Word use mkWordExpr

mkWord64LitWord64 :: Word64 -> Expr b

mkInt64LitInt64 :: Int64 -> Expr b

mkCharLit :: Char -> Expr b

Create a machine character literal expression of type Char#. If you want an expression of type Char use mkCharExpr

mkStringLit :: String -> Expr b

Create a machine string literal expression of type Addr#. If you want an expression of type String use mkStringExpr

mkFloatLit :: Rational -> Expr b

Create a machine single precision literal expression of type Float# from a Rational. If you want an expression of type Float use mkFloatExpr

mkFloatLitFloat :: Float -> Expr b

Create a machine single precision literal expression of type Float# from a Float. If you want an expression of type Float use mkFloatExpr

mkDoubleLit :: Rational -> Expr b

Create a machine double precision literal expression of type Double# from a Rational. If you want an expression of type Double use mkDoubleExpr

mkDoubleLitDouble :: Double -> Expr b

Create a machine double precision literal expression of type Double# from a Double. If you want an expression of type Double use mkDoubleExpr

mkConApp :: DataCon -> [Arg b] -> Expr b

Apply a list of argument expressions to a data constructor in a nested fashion. Prefer to use mkCoreConApps if possible

mkConApp2 :: DataCon -> [Type] -> [Var] -> Expr b

mkTyBind :: TyVar -> Type -> CoreBind

Create a binding group where a type variable is bound to a type. Per CoreSyn, this can only be used to bind something in a non-recursive let expression

mkCoBind :: CoVar -> Coercion -> CoreBind

Create a binding group where a type variable is bound to a type. Per CoreSyn, this can only be used to bind something in a non-recursive let expression

varToCoreExpr :: CoreBndr -> Expr b

Convert a binder into either a Expr or Expr Expr appropriately

varsToCoreExprs :: [CoreBndr] -> [Expr b]

isId :: Var -> Bool

Is this a value-level (i.e., computationally relevant) Identifier? Satisfies isId = not . isTyVar.

cmpAltCon :: AltCon -> AltCon -> Ordering

Compares AltCons within a single list of alternatives DEFAULT comes out smallest, so that sorting by AltCon puts alternatives in the order required: see Note [Case expression invariants]

cmpAlt :: (AltCon, a, b) -> (AltCon, a, b) -> Ordering

ltAlt :: (AltCon, a, b) -> (AltCon, a, b) -> Bool

Simple Expr access functions and predicates

bindersOf :: Bind b -> [b]

Extract every variable by this group

bindersOfBinds :: [Bind b] -> [b]

bindersOf applied to a list of binding groups

rhssOfBind :: Bind b -> [Expr b]

rhssOfAlts :: [Alt b] -> [Expr b]

collectBinders :: Expr b -> ([b], Expr b)

We often want to strip off leading lambdas before getting down to business. Variants are collectTyBinders, collectValBinders, and collectTyAndValBinders

collectTyBinders :: CoreExpr -> ([TyVar], CoreExpr)

collectTyAndValBinders :: CoreExpr -> ([TyVar], [Id], CoreExpr)

collectNBinders :: Int -> Expr b -> ([b], Expr b)

Strip off exactly N leading lambdas (type or value). Good for use with join points.

collectArgs :: Expr b -> (Expr b, [Arg b])

Takes a nested application expression and returns the function being applied and the arguments to which it is applied

stripNArgs :: Word -> Expr a -> Maybe (Expr a)

Attempt to remove the last N arguments of a function call. Strip off any ticks or coercions encountered along the way and any at the end.

collectArgsTicks :: (Tickish Id -> Bool) -> Expr b -> (Expr b, [Arg b], [Tickish Id])

Like collectArgs, but also collects looks through floatable ticks if it means that we can find more arguments.

flattenBinds :: [Bind b] -> [(b, Expr b)]

Collapse all the bindings in the supplied groups into a single list of lhs/rhs pairs suitable for binding in a Rec binding group

exprToType :: CoreExpr -> Type

If the expression is a Expr, converts. Otherwise, panics. NB: This does not convert Expr to CoercionTy.

exprToCoercion_maybe :: CoreExpr -> Maybe Coercion

If the expression is a Expr, converts.

applyTypeToArg :: Type -> CoreExpr -> Type

Determines the type resulting from applying an expression with given type to a given argument expression

isValArg :: Expr b -> Bool

Returns True for value arguments, false for type args NB: coercions are value arguments (zero width, to be sure, like State#, but still value args).

isTypeArg :: Expr b -> Bool

Returns True iff the expression is a Expr expression at its top level. Note this does NOT include Exprs.

isCoArg :: Expr b -> Bool

Returns True iff the expression is a Expr expression at its top level

isTyCoArg :: Expr b -> Bool

Returns True iff the expression is a Expr or Expr expression at its top level

valArgCount :: [Arg b] -> Int

The number of argument expressions that are values rather than types at their top level

valBndrCount :: [CoreBndr] -> Int

The number of binders that bind values rather than types

isRuntimeArg :: CoreExpr -> Bool

Will this argument expression exist at runtime?

isRuntimeVar :: Var -> Bool

Will this variable exist at runtime?

Tick-related functions

tickishCounts :: Tickish id -> Bool

A "counting tick" (where tickishCounts is True) is one that counts evaluations in some way. We cannot discard a counting tick, and the compiler should preserve the number of counting ticks as far as possible.

However, we still allow the simplifier to increase or decrease sharing, so in practice the actual number of ticks may vary, except that we never change the value from zero to non-zero or vice versa.

tickishScoped :: Tickish id -> TickishScoping

Returns the intended scoping rule for a Tickish

tickishScopesLike :: Tickish id -> TickishScoping -> Bool

Returns whether the tick scoping rule is at least as permissive as the given scoping rule.

tickishFloatable :: Tickish id -> Bool

Returns True for ticks that can be floated upwards easily even where it might change execution counts, such as:

Just (tick... foo) ==> tick... (Just foo)

This is a combination of tickishSoftScope and tickishCounts. Note that in principle splittable ticks can become floatable using mkNoTick -- even though there's currently no tickish for which that is the case.

tickishCanSplit :: Tickish id -> Bool

Returns True for a tick that is both counting and scoping and can be split into its (tick, scope) parts using mkNoScope and mkNoTick respectively.

mkNoCount :: Tickish id -> Tickish id

mkNoScope :: Tickish id -> Tickish id

tickishIsCode :: Tickish id -> Bool

Return True if this source annotation compiles to some backend code. Without this flag, the tickish is seen as a simple annotation that does not have any associated evaluation code.

What this means that we are allowed to disregard the tick if doing so means that we can skip generating any code in the first place. A typical example is top-level bindings:

foo = tick... y -> ... ==> foo = y -> tick... ...

Here there is just no operational difference between the first and the second version. Therefore code generation should simply translate the code as if it found the latter.

tickishPlace :: Tickish id -> TickishPlacement

Placement behaviour we want for the ticks

tickishContains :: Eq b => Tickish b -> Tickish b -> Bool

Returns whether one tick "contains" the other one, therefore making the second tick redundant.

Unfolding data types

data Unfolding

Records the unfolding of an identifier, which is approximately the form the identifier would have if we substituted its definition in for the identifier. This type should be treated as abstract everywhere except in CoreUnfold

Constructors

NoUnfolding

We have no information about the unfolding.

BootUnfolding

We have no information about the unfolding, because this Id came from an hi-boot file. See Note [Inlining and hs-boot files] in GHC.CoreToIface for what this is used for.

OtherCon [AltCon]

It ain't one of these constructors. OtherCon xs also indicates that something has been evaluated and hence there's no point in re-evaluating it. OtherCon [] is used even for non-data-type values to indicated evaluated-ness. Notably:

data C = C !(Int -> Int)
case x of { C f -> ... }

Here, f gets an OtherCon [] unfolding.

DFunUnfolding

Fields

• df_bndrs :: [Var]
• df_con :: DataCon
• df_args :: [CoreExpr]

CoreUnfolding

An unfolding with redundant cached information. Parameters:

uf_tmpl: Template used to perform unfolding; NB: Occurrence info is guaranteed correct: see Note [OccInfo in unfoldings and rules]

uf_is_top: Is this a top level binding?

uf_is_value: exprIsHNF template (cached); it is ok to discard a seq on this variable

uf_is_work_free: Does this waste only a little work if we expand it inside an inlining? Basically this is a cached version of exprIsWorkFree

uf_guidance: Tells us about the size of the unfolding template

Fields

• uf_tmpl :: CoreExpr
• uf_src :: UnfoldingSource
• uf_is_top :: Bool
• uf_is_value :: Bool
• uf_is_conlike :: Bool
• uf_is_work_free :: Bool
• uf_expandable :: Bool
• uf_guidance :: UnfoldingGuidance

Instances

Outputable Unfolding

Defined in PprCore

Methods

ppr :: Unfolding -> SDoc

pprPrec :: Rational -> Unfolding -> SDoc

data UnfoldingGuidance

UnfoldingGuidance says when unfolding should take place

Constructors

UnfWhen

Fields

• ug_arity :: Arity
• ug_unsat_ok :: Bool
• ug_boring_ok :: Bool

UnfIfGoodArgs

Fields

• ug_args :: [Int]
• ug_size :: Int
• ug_res :: Int

UnfNever

Instances

Eq UnfoldingGuidance

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

(==) :: UnfoldingGuidance -> UnfoldingGuidance -> Bool

(/=) :: UnfoldingGuidance -> UnfoldingGuidance -> Bool

Outputable UnfoldingGuidance

Defined in PprCore

Methods

ppr :: UnfoldingGuidance -> SDoc

pprPrec :: Rational -> UnfoldingGuidance -> SDoc

data UnfoldingSource

Constructors

InlineRhs

InlineStable

InlineCompulsory

Instances

Outputable UnfoldingSource

Defined in PprCore

Methods

ppr :: UnfoldingSource -> SDoc

pprPrec :: Rational -> UnfoldingSource -> SDoc

Constructing Unfoldings

noUnfolding :: Unfolding

There is no known Unfolding

bootUnfolding :: Unfolding

There is no known Unfolding, because this came from an hi-boot file.

evaldUnfolding :: Unfolding

This unfolding marks the associated thing as being evaluated

mkOtherCon :: [AltCon] -> Unfolding

unSaturatedOk :: Bool

needSaturated :: Bool

boringCxtOk :: Bool

boringCxtNotOk :: Bool

Predicates and deconstruction on Unfolding

unfoldingTemplate :: Unfolding -> CoreExpr

Retrieves the template of an unfolding: panics if none is known

expandUnfolding_maybe :: Unfolding -> Maybe CoreExpr

maybeUnfoldingTemplate :: Unfolding -> Maybe CoreExpr

Retrieves the template of an unfolding if possible maybeUnfoldingTemplate is used mainly wnen specialising, and we do want to specialise DFuns, so it's important to return a template for DFunUnfoldings

otherCons :: Unfolding -> [AltCon]

The constructors that the unfolding could never be: returns [] if no information is available

isValueUnfolding :: Unfolding -> Bool

Determines if it is certainly the case that the unfolding will yield a value (something in HNF): returns False if unsure

isEvaldUnfolding :: Unfolding -> Bool

Determines if it possibly the case that the unfolding will yield a value. Unlike isValueUnfolding it returns True for OtherCon

isCheapUnfolding :: Unfolding -> Bool

Is the thing we will unfold into certainly cheap?

isExpandableUnfolding :: Unfolding -> Bool

isConLikeUnfolding :: Unfolding -> Bool

True if the unfolding is a constructor application, the application of a CONLIKE function or OtherCon

isCompulsoryUnfolding :: Unfolding -> Bool

isStableUnfolding :: Unfolding -> Bool

isFragileUnfolding :: Unfolding -> Bool

hasSomeUnfolding :: Unfolding -> Bool

Only returns False if there is no unfolding information available at all

isBootUnfolding :: Unfolding -> Bool

canUnfold :: Unfolding -> Bool

neverUnfoldGuidance :: UnfoldingGuidance -> Bool

isStableSource :: UnfoldingSource -> Bool

Annotated expression data types

type AnnExpr bndr annot = (annot, AnnExpr' bndr annot)

Annotated core: allows annotation at every node in the tree

data AnnExpr' bndr annot

A clone of the Expr type but allowing annotation at every tree node

Constructors

AnnVar Id

AnnLit Literal

AnnLam bndr (AnnExpr bndr annot)

AnnApp (AnnExpr bndr annot) (AnnExpr bndr annot)

AnnCase (AnnExpr bndr annot) bndr Type [AnnAlt bndr annot]

AnnLet (AnnBind bndr annot) (AnnExpr bndr annot)

AnnCast (AnnExpr bndr annot) (annot, Coercion)

AnnTick (Tickish Id) (AnnExpr bndr annot)

AnnType Type

AnnCoercion Coercion

data AnnBind bndr annot

A clone of the Bind type but allowing annotation at every tree node

Constructors

AnnNonRec bndr (AnnExpr bndr annot)

AnnRec [(bndr, AnnExpr bndr annot)]

type AnnAlt bndr annot = (AltCon, [bndr], AnnExpr bndr annot)

A clone of the Alt type but allowing annotation at every tree node

Operations on annotated expressions

collectAnnArgs :: AnnExpr b a -> (AnnExpr b a, [AnnExpr b a])

Takes a nested application expression and returns the function being applied and the arguments to which it is applied

collectAnnArgsTicks :: (Tickish Var -> Bool) -> AnnExpr b a -> (AnnExpr b a, [AnnExpr b a], [Tickish Var])

Operations on annotations

deAnnotate :: AnnExpr bndr annot -> Expr bndr

deAnnotate' :: AnnExpr' bndr annot -> Expr bndr

deAnnAlt :: AnnAlt bndr annot -> Alt bndr

deAnnBind :: AnnBind b annot -> Bind b

collectAnnBndrs :: AnnExpr bndr annot -> ([bndr], AnnExpr bndr annot)

As collectBinders but for AnnExpr rather than Expr

collectNAnnBndrs :: Int -> AnnExpr bndr annot -> ([bndr], AnnExpr bndr annot)

As collectNBinders but for AnnExpr rather than Expr

Orphanhood

data IsOrphan

Is this instance an orphan? If it is not an orphan, contains an OccName witnessing the instance's non-orphanhood. See Note [Orphans]

Constructors

IsOrphan

NotOrphan OccName

Instances

Data IsOrphan

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> IsOrphan -> c IsOrphan

gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c IsOrphan

toConstr :: IsOrphan -> Constr

dataTypeOf :: IsOrphan -> DataType

dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c IsOrphan)

dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c IsOrphan)

gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> IsOrphan -> IsOrphan

gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> IsOrphan -> r

gmapQr :: (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> IsOrphan -> r

gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> IsOrphan -> [u]

gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> IsOrphan -> u

gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> IsOrphan -> m IsOrphan

gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> IsOrphan -> m IsOrphan

gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> IsOrphan -> m IsOrphan

Binary IsOrphan

Defined in CoreSyn

Methods

put_ :: BinHandle -> IsOrphan -> IO ()

put :: BinHandle -> IsOrphan -> IO (Bin IsOrphan)

get :: BinHandle -> IO IsOrphan

isOrphan :: IsOrphan -> Bool

Returns true if IsOrphan is orphan.

notOrphan :: IsOrphan -> Bool

Returns true if IsOrphan is not an orphan.

chooseOrphanAnchor :: NameSet -> IsOrphan

Core rule data types

data CoreRule

A CoreRule is:

• "Local" if the function it is a rule for is defined in the same module as the rule itself.
• "Orphan" if nothing on the LHS is defined in the same module as the rule itself

Constructors

Rule

Fields

• ru_name :: RuleName

  Name of the rule, for communication with the user

• ru_act :: Activation

  When the rule is active

• ru_fn :: Name

  Name of the Id at the head of this rule

• ru_rough :: [Maybe Name]

  Name at the head of each argument to the left hand side

• ru_bndrs :: [CoreBndr]

  Variables quantified over

• ru_args :: [CoreExpr]

  Left hand side arguments

• ru_rhs :: CoreExpr

  Right hand side of the rule Occurrence info is guaranteed correct See Note [OccInfo in unfoldings and rules]

• ru_auto :: Bool

  True = this rule is auto-generated (notably by Specialise or SpecConstr) False = generated at the user's behest See Note [Trimming auto-rules] in GHC.Iface.Tidy for the sole purpose of this field.

• ru_origin :: !Module

  Module the rule was defined in, used to test if we should see an orphan rule.

• ru_orphan :: !IsOrphan

  Whether or not the rule is an orphan.

• ru_local :: Bool

  True iff the fn at the head of the rule is defined in the same module as the rule and is not an implicit Id (like a record selector, class operation, or data constructor). This is different from ru_orphan, where a rule can avoid being an orphan if *any* Name in LHS of the rule was defined in the same module as the rule.

BuiltinRule

Built-in rules are used for constant folding and suchlike. They have no free variables. A built-in rule is always visible (there is no such thing as an orphan built-in rule.)

Fields

• ru_name :: RuleName

  Name of the rule, for communication with the user

• ru_fn :: Name

  Name of the Id at the head of this rule

• ru_nargs :: Int

  Number of arguments that ru_try consumes, if it fires, including type arguments

• ru_try :: RuleFun

  This function does the rewrite. It given too many arguments, it simply discards them; the returned CoreExpr is just the rewrite of ru_fn applied to the first ru_nargs args

Instances

Outputable CoreRule

Defined in PprCore

Methods

ppr :: CoreRule -> SDoc

pprPrec :: Rational -> CoreRule -> SDoc

type RuleBase = NameEnv [CoreRule]

Gathers a collection of CoreRules. Maps (the name of) an Id to its rules

type RuleName = FastString

type RuleFun = DynFlags -> InScopeEnv -> Id -> [CoreExpr] -> Maybe CoreExpr

type IdUnfoldingFun = Id -> Unfolding

type InScopeEnv = (InScopeSet, IdUnfoldingFun)

data RuleEnv

A full rule environment which we can apply rules from. Like a RuleBase, but it also includes the set of visible orphans we use to filter out orphan rules which are not visible (even though we can see them...)

Constructors

RuleEnv

Fields

• re_base :: RuleBase
• re_visible_orphs :: ModuleSet

mkRuleEnv :: RuleBase -> [Module] -> RuleEnv

emptyRuleEnv :: RuleEnv

Operations on CoreRules

ruleArity :: CoreRule -> Int

The number of arguments the ru_fn must be applied to before the rule can match on it

ruleName :: CoreRule -> RuleName

ruleIdName :: CoreRule -> Name

The Name of the Id at the head of the rule left hand side

ruleActivation :: CoreRule -> Activation

setRuleIdName :: Name -> CoreRule -> CoreRule

Set the Name of the Id at the head of the rule left hand side

ruleModule :: CoreRule -> Maybe Module

isBuiltinRule :: CoreRule -> Bool

isLocalRule :: CoreRule -> Bool

isAutoRule :: CoreRule -> Bool