Haskus.Utils.Flow

Control-flow

Documentation

class Monad m => MonadIO (m :: * -> *) where

Monads in which IO computations may be embedded. Any monad built by applying a sequence of monad transformers to the IO monad will be an instance of this class.

Instances should satisfy the following laws, which state that liftIO is a transformer of monads:

• liftIO . return = return

• liftIO (m >>= f) = liftIO m >>= (liftIO . f)

Minimal complete definition

liftIO

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> m a

Lift a computation from the IO monad.

Instances

MonadIO IO

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in Control.Monad.IO.Class

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> IO a

MonadIO Q

Defined in Language.Haskell.TH.Syntax

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> Q a

MonadIO m => MonadIO (ListT m)

Defined in ListT

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> ListT m a

MonadIO m => MonadIO (IdentityT m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Identity

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> IdentityT m a

MonadIO m => MonadIO (StateT s m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Lazy

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> StateT s m a

(Error e, MonadIO m) => MonadIO (ErrorT e m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Error

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> ErrorT e m a

class MonadIO m => MonadInIO (m :: * -> *) where

Minimal complete definition

liftWith, liftWith2

Methods

liftWith :: (forall c. (a -> IO c) -> IO c) -> (a -> m b) -> m b

Lift with*-like functions into IO (alloca, etc.)

liftWith2 :: (forall c. (a -> b -> IO c) -> IO c) -> (a -> b -> m e) -> m e

Lift with*-like functions into IO (alloca, etc.)

Instances

MonadInIO IO

Defined in Haskus.Utils.Monad

Methods

liftWith :: (forall c. (a -> IO c) -> IO c) -> (a -> IO b) -> IO b

liftWith2 :: (forall c. (a -> b -> IO c) -> IO c) -> (a -> b -> IO e) -> IO e

MonadInIO m => MonadInIO (StateT s m)

Defined in Haskus.Utils.Monad

Methods

liftWith :: (forall c. (a -> IO c) -> IO c) -> (a -> StateT s m b) -> StateT s m b

liftWith2 :: (forall c. (a -> b -> IO c) -> IO c) -> (a -> b -> StateT s m e) -> StateT s m e

Basic operators

(|>) :: a -> (a -> b) -> b infixl 0

Apply a function

(<|) :: (a -> b) -> a -> b infixr 0

Apply a function

(||>) :: Functor f => f a -> (a -> b) -> f b infixl 0

Apply a function in a Functor

(<||) :: Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b infixr 0

Apply a function in a Functor

Monadic/applicative operators

when :: Applicative f => Bool -> f () -> f ()

Conditional execution of Applicative expressions. For example,

when debug (putStrLn "Debugging")

will output the string Debugging if the Boolean value debug is True, and otherwise do nothing.

unless :: Applicative f => Bool -> f () -> f ()

The reverse of when.

whenM :: Monad m => m Bool -> m () -> m ()

Like when, but where the test can be monadic.

unlessM :: Monad m => m Bool -> m () -> m ()

Like unless, but where the test can be monadic.

ifM :: Monad m => m Bool -> m a -> m a -> m a

Like if, but where the test can be monadic.

guard :: Alternative f => Bool -> f ()

Conditional failure of Alternative computations. Defined by

guard True  = pure ()
guard False = empty

Examples

Common uses of guard include conditionally signaling an error in an error monad and conditionally rejecting the current choice in an Alternative-based parser.

As an example of signaling an error in the error monad Maybe, consider a safe division function safeDiv x y that returns Nothing when the denominator y is zero and Just (x `div` y) otherwise. For example:

>>> safeDiv 4 0
Nothing
>>> safeDiv 4 2
Just 2

A definition of safeDiv using guards, but not guard:

safeDiv :: Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
safeDiv x y | y /= 0    = Just (x `div` y)
            | otherwise = Nothing

A definition of safeDiv using guard and Monad do-notation:

safeDiv :: Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
safeDiv x y = do
  guard (y /= 0)
  return (x `div` y)

void :: Functor f => f a -> f ()

void value discards or ignores the result of evaluation, such as the return value of an IO action.

Examples

Replace the contents of a Maybe Int with unit:

>>> void Nothing
Nothing
>>> void (Just 3)
Just ()

Replace the contents of an Either Int Int with unit, resulting in an Either Int '()':

>>> void (Left 8675309)
Left 8675309
>>> void (Right 8675309)
Right ()

Replace every element of a list with unit:

>>> void [1,2,3]
[(),(),()]

Replace the second element of a pair with unit:

>>> void (1,2)
(1,())

Discard the result of an IO action:

>>> mapM print [1,2]
1
2
[(),()]
>>> void $ mapM print [1,2]
1
2

forever :: Applicative f => f a -> f b

forever act repeats the action infinitely.

foldM :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (b -> a -> m b) -> b -> t a -> m b

The foldM function is analogous to foldl, except that its result is encapsulated in a monad. Note that foldM works from left-to-right over the list arguments. This could be an issue where (>>) and the `folded function' are not commutative.

foldM f a1 [x1, x2, ..., xm]

==

do
  a2 <- f a1 x1
  a3 <- f a2 x2
  ...
  f am xm

If right-to-left evaluation is required, the input list should be reversed.

Note: foldM is the same as foldlM

foldM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (b -> a -> m b) -> b -> t a -> m ()

Like foldM, but discards the result.

forM :: (Traversable t, Monad m) => t a -> (a -> m b) -> m (t b)

forM is mapM with its arguments flipped. For a version that ignores the results see forM_.

forM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => t a -> (a -> m b) -> m ()

forM_ is mapM_ with its arguments flipped. For a version that doesn't ignore the results see forM.

As of base 4.8.0.0, forM_ is just for_, specialized to Monad.

mapM :: (Traversable t, Monad m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m (t b)

Map each element of a structure to a monadic action, evaluate these actions from left to right, and collect the results. For a version that ignores the results see mapM_.

mapM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m ()

Map each element of a structure to a monadic action, evaluate these actions from left to right, and ignore the results. For a version that doesn't ignore the results see mapM.

As of base 4.8.0.0, mapM_ is just traverse_, specialized to Monad.

sequence :: (Traversable t, Monad m) => t (m a) -> m (t a)

Evaluate each monadic action in the structure from left to right, and collect the results. For a version that ignores the results see sequence_.

replicateM :: Applicative m => Int -> m a -> m [a]

replicateM n act performs the action n times, gathering the results.

replicateM_ :: Applicative m => Int -> m a -> m ()

Like replicateM, but discards the result.

filterM :: Applicative m => (a -> m Bool) -> [a] -> m [a]

This generalizes the list-based filter function.

join :: Monad m => m (m a) -> m a

The join function is the conventional monad join operator. It is used to remove one level of monadic structure, projecting its bound argument into the outer level.

(<=<) :: Monad m => (b -> m c) -> (a -> m b) -> a -> m c infixr 1

Right-to-left Kleisli composition of monads. (>=>), with the arguments flipped.

Note how this operator resembles function composition (.):

(.)   ::            (b ->   c) -> (a ->   b) -> a ->   c
(<=<) :: Monad m => (b -> m c) -> (a -> m b) -> a -> m c

(>=>) :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> (b -> m c) -> a -> m c infixr 1

Left-to-right Kleisli composition of monads.

loopM :: Monad m => (a -> m (Either a b)) -> a -> m b

A monadic version of loop, where the predicate returns Left as a seed for the next loop or Right to abort the loop.

whileM :: Monad m => m Bool -> m ()

Keep running an operation until it becomes False. As an example:

whileM $ do sleep 0.1; notM $ doesFileExist "foo.txt"
readFile "foo.txt"

If you need some state persisted between each test, use loopM.

Variant based operators

module Haskus.Utils.Variant.Flow