Safe Haskell | Safe-Infered |
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Control.Monad.Par
Description
(NOTE: This module reexports a default Par scheduler. A generic interface can be found in Control.Monad.Par.Class and other schedulers, sometimes with different capabilities, can be found in Control.Monad.Par.Scheds.)
The monad-par
package provides a family of Par
monads, for speeding up pure
computations using parallel processors. They cannot be used for
speeding up computations that use IO (for that, see
Control.Concurrent
). The result of a given Par
computation is
always the same - ie. it is deterministic, but the computation may
be performed more quickly if there are processors available to
share the work.
For example, the following program fragment computes the values of
(f x)
and (g x)
in parallel, and returns a pair of their results:
runPar $ do fx <- spawn (return (f x)) -- start evaluating (f x) gx <- spawn (return (g x)) -- start evaluating (g x) a <- get fx -- wait for fx b <- get gx -- wait for gx return (a,b) -- return results
Par
can be used for specifying pure parallel computations in
which the order of the computation is not known beforehand.
The programmer specifies how information flows from one
part of the computation to another, but not the order in which
computations will be evaluated at runtime. Information flow is
described using variables called IVar
s, which support put
and
get
operations. For example, suppose you have a problem that
can be expressed as a network with four nodes, where b
and c
require the value of a
, and d
requires the value of b
and c
:
a / \ b c \ / d
Then you could express this in the Par
monad like this:
runPar $ do [a,b,c,d] <- sequence [new,new,new,new] fork $ do x <- get a; put b (x+1) fork $ do x <- get a; put c (x+2) fork $ do x <- get b; y <- get c; put d (x+y) fork $ do put a (3 :: Int) get d
The result of the above computation is always 9. The get
operation
waits until its input is available; multiple put
s to the same
IVar
are not allowed, and result in a runtime error. Values
stored in IVar
s are usually fully evaluated (although there are
ways provided to pass lazy values if necessary).
In the above example, b
and c
will be evaluated in parallel.
In practice the work involved at each node is too small here to see
the benefits of parallelism though: typically each node should
involve much more work. The granularity is completely under your
control - too small and the overhead of the Par
monad will
outweigh any parallelism benefits, whereas if the nodes are too
large then there might not be enough parallelism to use all the
available processors.
Unlike Control.Parallel
, in Control.Monad.Par
parallelism is
not combined with laziness, so sharing and granulairty are
completely under the control of the programmer. New units of
parallel work are only created by fork
and a few other
combinators.
The implementation is based on a work-stealing scheduler that divides the work as evenly as possible between the available processors at runtime.
For more information on the programming model, please see these sources:
- The wikitutorial (<http:www.haskell.orghaskellwiki/Par_Monad:_A_Parallelism_Tutorial>) * The original paper (http://www.cs.indiana.edu/~rrnewton/papers/haskell2011_monad-par.pdf) * Tutorial slides (http://community.haskell.org/~simonmar/slides/CUFP.pdf) * Other slides: http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/ralf.hinze/WG2.8/28/slides/simon.pdf, http://www.cs.indiana.edu/~rrnewton/talks/2011_HaskellSymposium_ParMonad.pdf
- data Par a
- runPar :: Par a -> a
- fork :: ParIVar ivar m => m () -> m ()
- data IVar a
- new :: ParIVar ivar m => forall a. m (ivar a)
- newFull :: ParIVar ivar m => forall a. NFData a => a -> m (ivar a)
- newFull_ :: ParIVar ivar m => forall a. a -> m (ivar a)
- get :: ParFuture future m => forall a. future a -> m a
- put :: ParIVar ivar m => forall a. NFData a => ivar a -> a -> m ()
- put_ :: ParIVar ivar m => forall a. ivar a -> a -> m ()
- spawn :: ParFuture future m => forall a. NFData a => m a -> m (future a)
- spawn_ :: ParFuture future m => forall a. m a -> m (future a)
- spawnP :: ParFuture future m => forall a. NFData a => a -> m (future a)
- module Control.Monad.Par.Combinator
- class NFData a
The Par Monad
fork :: ParIVar ivar m => m () -> m ()
Forks a computation to happen in parallel. The forked
computation may exchange values with other computations using
IVar
s.
forks a computation to happen in parallel. The forked
computation may exchange values with other computations using
IVar
s.
Communication: IVars
creates a new IVar
newFull :: ParIVar ivar m => forall a. NFData a => a -> m (ivar a)
creates a new IVar
that contains a value
creates a new IVar
that contains a value
newFull_ :: ParIVar ivar m => forall a. a -> m (ivar a)
creates a new IVar
that contains a value (head-strict only)
creates a new IVar
that contains a value (head-strict only)
read the value in an IVar
. get
can only return when the
value has been written by a prior or parallel put
to the same
IVar
.
put :: ParIVar ivar m => forall a. NFData a => ivar a -> a -> m ()
put a value into a IVar
. Multiple put
s to the same IVar
are not allowed, and result in a runtime error.
put
fully evaluates its argument, which therefore must be an
instance of NFData
. The idea is that this forces the work to
happen when we expect it, rather than being passed to the consumer
of the IVar
and performed later, which often results in less
parallelism than expected.
Sometimes partial strictness is more appropriate: see put_
.
put a value into a IVar
. Multiple put
s to the same IVar
are not allowed, and result in a runtime error.
put
fully evaluates its argument, which therefore must be an
instance of NFData
. The idea is that this forces the work to
happen when we expect it, rather than being passed to the consumer
of the IVar
and performed later, which often results in less
parallelism than expected.
Sometimes partial strictness is more appropriate: see put_
.
put_ :: ParIVar ivar m => forall a. ivar a -> a -> m ()
like put
, but only head-strict rather than fully-strict.
like put
, but only head-strict rather than fully-strict.
Operations
spawn :: ParFuture future m => forall a. NFData a => m a -> m (future a)
Create a potentially-parallel computation, and return a future (or promise) that can be used to query the result of the forked computataion.
spawn p = do r <- new fork (p >>= put r) return r
Like fork
, but returns a IVar
that can be used to query the
result of the forked computataion. Therefore spawn
provides futures or promises.
spawn p = do r <- new fork (p >>= put r) return r
spawn_ :: ParFuture future m => forall a. m a -> m (future a)
Like spawn
, but the result is only head-strict, not fully-strict.
Like spawn
, but the result is only head-strict, not fully-strict.
spawnP :: ParFuture future m => forall a. NFData a => a -> m (future a)
Spawn a pure (rather than monadic) computation. Fully-strict.
spawnP = spawn . return
Spawn a pure (rather than monadic) computation. Fully-strict.
spawnP = spawn . return
module Control.Monad.Par.Combinator
This module also reexports the Combinator library for backwards compatibility with version 0.1.
class NFData a
A class of types that can be fully evaluated.
Instances
NFData Bool | |
NFData Char | |
NFData Double | |
NFData Float | |
NFData Int | |
NFData Int8 | |
NFData Int16 | |
NFData Int32 | |
NFData Int64 | |
NFData Integer | |
NFData Word | |
NFData Word8 | |
NFData Word16 | |
NFData Word32 | |
NFData Word64 | |
NFData () | |
NFData Version | |
NFData a => NFData [a] | |
(Integral a, NFData a) => NFData (Ratio a) | |
NFData (Fixed a) | |
(RealFloat a, NFData a) => NFData (Complex a) | |
NFData a => NFData (Maybe a) | |
NFData (IVar a) | |
NFData (IVar a) | |
NFData (a -> b) | This instance is for convenience and consistency with |
(NFData a, NFData b) => NFData (Either a b) | |
(NFData a, NFData b) => NFData (a, b) | |
(Ix a, NFData a, NFData b) => NFData (Array a b) | |
(NFData a, NFData b, NFData c) => NFData (a, b, c) | |
(NFData a, NFData b, NFData c, NFData d) => NFData (a, b, c, d) | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5) | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6) | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6, NFData a7) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7) | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6, NFData a7, NFData a8) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8) | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6, NFData a7, NFData a8, NFData a9) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9) |
(0.3) Reexport NFData
for fully-strict operators.