postgresql-simple-0.5.1.3: Mid-Level PostgreSQL client library

Copyright(c) 2011 MailRank, Inc. (c) 2011-2012 Leon P Smith
LicenseBSD3
MaintainerLeon P Smith <leon@melding-monads.com>
Stabilityexperimental
Safe HaskellNone
LanguageHaskell98

Database.PostgreSQL.Simple.Types

Description

Basic types.

Synopsis

Documentation

data Null Source

A placeholder for the SQL NULL value.

Constructors

Null 

Instances

Eq Null Source 
Read Null Source 
Show Null Source 
FromField Null Source

compatible with any data type, but the value must be null

ToField Null Source 

data Default Source

A placeholder for the PostgreSQL DEFAULT value.

Constructors

Default 

newtype Only a Source

A single-value "collection".

This is useful if you need to supply a single parameter to a SQL query, or extract a single column from a SQL result.

Parameter example:

query c "select x from scores where x > ?" (Only (42::Int))

Result example:

xs <- query_ c "select id from users"
forM_ xs $ \(Only id) -> {- ... -}

Constructors

Only 

Fields

fromOnly :: a
 

Instances

newtype In a Source

Wrap a list of values for use in an IN clause. Replaces a single "?" character with a parenthesized list of rendered values.

Example:

query c "select * from whatever where id in ?" (Only (In [3,4,5]))

Note that In [] expands to (null), which works as expected in the query above, but evaluates to the logical null value on every row instead of TRUE. This means that changing the query above to ... id NOT in ? and supplying the empty list as the parameter returns zero rows, instead of all of them as one would expect.

Since postgresql doesn't seem to provide a syntax for actually specifying an empty list, which could solve this completely, there are two workarounds particularly worth mentioning, namely:

  1. Use postgresql-simple's Values type instead, which can handle the empty case correctly. Note however that while specifying the postgresql type "int4" is mandatory in the empty case, specifying the haskell type [Only Int] would not normally be needed in realistic use cases.

    query c "select * from whatever where id not in ?"
            (Only (Values "int4") ([] :: [Only Int]))
  2. Use sql's COALESCE operator to turn a logical null into the correct boolean. Note however that the correct boolean depends on the use case:

    query c "select * from whatever where coalesce(id NOT in ?, TRUE)"
            (Only (In ([] :: [Int])))
    query c "select * from whatever where coalesce(id IN ?, FALSE)"
            (Only (In ([] :: [Int])))

Constructors

In a 

Instances

Functor In Source 
Eq a => Eq (In a) Source 
Ord a => Ord (In a) Source 
Read a => Read (In a) Source 
Show a => Show (In a) Source 
ToField a => ToField (In [a]) Source 

newtype Binary a Source

Wrap binary data for use as a bytea value.

Constructors

Binary 

Fields

fromBinary :: a
 

newtype Identifier Source

Wrap text for use as sql identifier, i.e. a table or column name.

Constructors

Identifier 

Fields

fromIdentifier :: Text
 

data QualifiedIdentifier Source

Wrap text for use as (maybe) qualified identifier, i.e. a table with schema, or column with table.

Instances

Eq QualifiedIdentifier Source 
Ord QualifiedIdentifier Source 
Read QualifiedIdentifier Source 
Show QualifiedIdentifier Source 
IsString QualifiedIdentifier Source

"foo.bar" will get turned into QualifiedIdentifier (Just "foo") "bar", while "foo" will get turned into QualifiedIdentifier Nothing "foo". Note this instance is for convenience, and does not match postgres syntax. It only examines the first period character, and thus cannot be used if the qualifying identifier contains a period for example.

Hashable QualifiedIdentifier Source 
ToField QualifiedIdentifier Source 

newtype Query Source

A query string. This type is intended to make it difficult to construct a SQL query by concatenating string fragments, as that is an extremely common way to accidentally introduce SQL injection vulnerabilities into an application.

This type is an instance of IsString, so the easiest way to construct a query is to enable the OverloadedStrings language extension and then simply write the query in double quotes.

{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}

import Database.PostgreSQL.Simple

q :: Query
q = "select ?"

The underlying type is a ByteString, and literal Haskell strings that contain Unicode characters will be correctly transformed to UTF-8.

Constructors

Query 

newtype Oid :: *

Constructors

Oid CUInt 

data h :. t infixr 3 Source

A composite type to parse your custom data structures without having to define dummy newtype wrappers every time.

instance FromRow MyData where ...
instance FromRow MyData2 where ...

then I can do the following for free:

res <- query' c "..."
forM res $ \(MyData{..} :. MyData2{..}) -> do
  ....

Constructors

h :. t infixr 3 

Instances

(Eq h, Eq t) => Eq ((:.) h t) Source 
(Ord h, Ord t) => Ord ((:.) h t) Source 
(Read h, Read t) => Read ((:.) h t) Source 
(Show h, Show t) => Show ((:.) h t) Source 
(FromRow a, FromRow b) => FromRow ((:.) a b) Source 
(ToRow a, ToRow b) => ToRow ((:.) a b) Source 

newtype PGArray a Source

Wrap a list for use as a PostgreSQL array.

Constructors

PGArray 

Fields

fromPGArray :: [a]
 

Instances

Functor PGArray Source 
Eq a => Eq (PGArray a) Source 
Ord a => Ord (PGArray a) Source 
Read a => Read (PGArray a) Source 
Show a => Show (PGArray a) Source 
(FromField a, Typeable * a) => FromField (PGArray a) Source

any postgresql array whose elements are compatible with type a

ToField a => ToField (PGArray a) Source 

data Values a Source

Represents a VALUES table literal, usable as an alternative to executeMany and returning. The main advantage is that you can parametrize more than just a single VALUES expression. For example, here's a query to insert a thing into one table and some attributes of that thing into another, returning the new id generated by the database:

query c [sql|
    WITH new_thing AS (
      INSERT INTO thing (name) VALUES (?) RETURNING id
    ), new_attributes AS (
      INSERT INTO thing_attributes
         SELECT new_thing.id, attrs.*
           FROM new_thing JOIN ? attrs
    ) SELECT * FROM new_thing
 |] ("foo", Values [  "int4", "text"    ]
                   [ ( 1    , "hello" )
                   , ( 2    , "world" ) ])

(Note this example uses writable common table expressions, which were added in PostgreSQL 9.1)

The second parameter gets expanded into the following SQL syntax:

(VALUES (1::"int4",'hello'::"text"),(2,'world'))

When the list of attributes is empty, the second parameter expands to:

(VALUES (null::"int4",null::"text") LIMIT 0)

By contrast, executeMany and returning don't issue the query in the empty case, and simply return 0 and [] respectively. This behavior is usually correct given their intended use cases, but would certainly be wrong in the example above.

The first argument is a list of postgresql type names. Because this is turned into a properly quoted identifier, the type name is case sensitive and must be as it appears in the pg_type table. Thus, you must write timestamptz instead of timestamp with time zone, int4 instead of integer, _int8 instead of bigint[], etcetera.

You may omit the type names, however, if you do so the list of values must be non-empty, and postgresql must be able to infer the types of the columns from the surrounding context. If the first condition is not met, postgresql-simple will throw an exception without issuing the query. In the second case, the postgres server will return an error which will be turned into a SqlError exception.

See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/sql-values.html for more information.

Constructors

Values [QualifiedIdentifier] [a] 

Instances

Eq a => Eq (Values a) Source 
Ord a => Ord (Values a) Source 
Read a => Read (Values a) Source 
Show a => Show (Values a) Source 
ToRow a => ToField (Values a) Source